The word “beer” has been the occasion of some ingenuity and not a little diversity of opinion among the philologists. Goldast derived it _a pyris_, because (he asserts) beer was first made from pears; Vossius from the Latin _bibere_, to drink, thus: _Bibere_, _Biber_ and (_extrito b_) _Bier_; Somner from the Hebrew _Bar_, corn. Probably the true derivation is that which connects the word with the root of the verb, to _brew_. However this may be, the connection of the word barley with the word _beere_—denoting a coarse kind of barley—is unmistakeable. _Beer_ was originally used to denote the beverage and also the plant from which it was brewed. _Beere_ or _bigge_ is still to be found growing in some parts of Scotland and Ireland, but in England it has given place to the more refined _barley_ (_i.e._, _beer-lec_ or beer plant). The attempt to connect the word “yule” with “ale” is probably fanciful, and may have originated from the use of the word “ale” as denoting not only the liquor, but also any festival at which it formed the principal beverage (_e.g._ the Whitsun Ale). Yule or Jule is probably derived, along with the festival it represents, from the Celts. It was a feast in honour of the sun, the Celtic name for which was _heol_ or _houl_ and was designed to celebrate the time when the Sun-god, after sinking to his lowest point in the heavens in mid-winter, begins again to ascend the sky, ushering in a period of warmth and plenty. When the Saxons {33} were converted to Christianity, their teachers, instead of entirely doing away with the older forms of religion, allowed them to remain, adapting them to the new faith. This was very usual in early days of Christianity, and thus we find the heathen “Yule” merged in the great Christian festival of Christmas. The very ancient Anglo-Saxon poem entitled _Beowulf_, a poem which may be said to be the earliest considerable fragment of our language now extant, shows that ale was the chief drink amongst our Anglo-Saxon ancestors in the far-off days, before they had seized upon this land of England. It contains a mythological account of the rescue by the hero Beowulf of his friends from the Grendel, a monster who was constantly slaughtering and carrying some of them away. The feast is thus described: “Then was for the sons of the Geats, altogether, a bench cleared in the beer-hall; there the bold in spirit went to sit; the thane observed his office, he that in his hand bare the twisted ale-cup; he poured the bright sweet liquor.” Further on, the Danish queen comes in to greet the victors. “There was laughter of heroes, the noise was modulated, words were winsome; Wealtheow, Hrothgar’s queen, went forth; mindful of their races, she, hung round with gold, greeted the men in the hall; and the freeborn lady gave the cup first to the prince of the East Danes; she bade him be blithe at the service of beer, dear to his people. He, the king, proud of victory, joyfully received the feast and hall-cup . . .”