These are the sixteen parts of the Tarka.[368] The followers of this doctrine judge and affirm that, as this world is created, there must be a Creator; the _mukt_ or “emancipation,” in their opinion means striving to approach the origin of beings, not uniting like the warp and the web, the threads of which, although near, are nevertheless separate from each other. This was related to me by the Imám Arastú, who was a chief of the learned and said to me that he had derived it from an old treatise upon logic, the precepts of which were without explanation, and to have bestowed on it that arrangement under which it now exists amongst the learned: he meant, probably, that the maxims are the same as those extracted from the Tarka. The same doctrine was taught in Greece: in confirmation of this, the Persians say, that the science of logic which was diffused among them was, with other sciences, translated into the language of Yonia and Rumi, by order of king Secander, the worshipper of science, in the time of his conquest, and sent to Rúmi. [328] तर्कः: “discussion, reasoning, argument, reduction to absurdity.” [329] प्रमाणं. [330] परीक्षा. [331] अनुमान. [332] उपमानं. [333] Bos gavæus vel frontalis. [334] शब्द. [335] प्रमितिः true knowledge, or knowledge derived from the senses, inference, analogy, or information. [336] आत्मा. [337] शरीरं. [338] इन्दियं. [339] अर्थाः objects of sense. [340] बुद्धिः apprehension, conception, intelligence. It is twofold: notion and remembrance. [341] मनस्. [342] प्रवृत्तिः activity, occupation. It is determination, the result of passion, and the cause of virtue, and is vice, or merit and demerit, according as the act is one enjoined or forbidden. It is oral, mental, or corporeal; not comprehending unconscious vital functions. It is the reason of all worldly proceedings. [343] दोष. [344] मुह. [345] प्रेत्य भावः is the condition of the soul after death; which is transmigration: for the soul being immortal, passes from a former body, which perishes, to a new one, which receives it. This is reproduction (_punar ut patli_). [346] फलं. [347] दुःखं. [348] अप वर्गः final beatitude, the delivery of the soul from the body, and exemption from further transmigration. [349] शरीरं. [350] षद् इन्द्रियाणिः [351] षदे् दर्शाः [352] सुखं. [353] संशयः [354] प्रयोजनं is that by which a person is actuated or moved to action; it is the desire of attaining pleasure or of shunning pain; or the wish of exemption from both: for such is the purpose or impulse of every one in a natural state of mind. [355] दृष्टान्तः [356] सिद्धान्तः demonstrated truth is of four sorts; viz.: universally acknowledged; partially so; hypothetically; argumentatively (or _è concessa_).