[567] Muhammed ben Yâkub is the author of the book entitled القاموس _Kámús_, “the ocean of the Arabic language.” He was born in the year of the Hejira 729, A. D. 1328, and died in 816, A. D. 1413, surnamed Al Shirazí, and Al _Firuzabadí_, the last is a town situated in the environs of Shiraz, the capital of _Fars_, or Persia proper. I do not, however, find elsewhere the title _al Kalbi_, “cordial,” joined to his name. [568] The term in the text is القياس _al kíás_. Abu Hanifa and his commentators are commonly called _ahel al kíás_, “men of analogy,” because they applied the process of analysis to the study of sacred tradition, and rely more upon deductions of human judgment than upon a rigid fidelity to the precepts of the Sonna. [569] I render in this place by “rational dialectics” the word اجتهاد _ijtihad_, which signifies properly, according to Silvestre de Sacy, an opinion in religious matters, founded upon reasoning, and deduced from the Koran or the Sonna, by way of comparison or induction. It may therefore be interpreted, as in the sequel, by “ratiocination, discussion, contentious arguing, reasoning, etc., etc.” It signifies also “study, effort, war against infidels.”――(See also upon _Istihad_, _As. Res._, vol. X. p. 492.) [570] علامه حلى is a surname which never occurred to me in any other book which I have consulted, and the translation of which does not satisfy me. [571] _Movákef_ means properly “stations,” such as those of the Muselmans in their pilgrimages and visits to sacred places; but this word serves as a title to several books or treatises of metaphysics and scholastic theology. [572] احاديث _ahádís_, means sometimes the tenets of the Koran, at others, the sayings relative to Muhammed, five thousand two hundred and sixty-six in number; according to some writers, seven thousand, genuine and forged. [573] The manuscript of Oude reads ابن بالونه _Ebn Balúnah_. Want of accuracy in proper names is particularly to be regretted in the historical part of any work; it prevents me, particularly in this place, from giving a positive notice of each of the persons introduced in the text. [574] The two words in italic are not in the text of the edition of Calcutta, nor in the manuscript of Oude. We find here abruptly a passage, distinguished in the translation by marks of quotation, which belongs to the author of the _Faváid al madany_ (see p. 372), and makes, perhaps, a part of the preface of this work.