[25] On this point I gather the following information from the article "Orientation" in the "Grand Dictionnaire Universel du 19 Siècle," by M. Pierre Larousse:--"From the fifth century to the time of the Renaissance, the orientation of churches was generally carried out. The mystical reasons furnished by the sacred writers--according to St. John of Damascus and Cassiodorus--were that Jesus on the Cross had His face turned towards the West, hence Christians during prayer must turn to the East to see it. Further, in the sacred writings Jesus is called the East (_Oriens ex alto_). Again, Christians hope to see Christ descending in the East on the last day. Finally, the faithful when turning to the East during prayer establish a difference between themselves and the Jews and heretics, for the Jews when praying turn West, and certain heretics South, and others North, hence the heathen said they were sun-worshippers." In the ninth century there was a strong protest against orientation. Catholic churches were built any way, and it was said, "_Nunc oremus ad omnem partem quia Deus ubique est_." [26] See _Builder_, Jan. 2, 1892. [27] Brugsch, "Egypt," p. 174. [28] Inscription south side of obelisk quoted in "Records of the Past," Vol. XII. (Letter from Capt. Lyons). [29] Brugsch, "Egypt," p. 177. [30] "Chrestomathie Égyptienne," Do Rougé, iii., p. 60. [31] "Egyptian Archæology," English edition, p. 105. [32] Brugsch, "Egypt," p. 174. [33] Brugsch, op. cit., p. 187. [34] "Karnak. Étude topographique et archéologique." [35] Mariette, _op. cit._, text, p. 2. [36] "History" p. 175. [37] Nissen in his important memoir does not refer to this hill; his conclusions, therefore, are not absolutely justified by the facts as he states them. [38] "Œuvres de Volney," vol. v., p. 431. [39] "Ptolemy Almagest VIII.," chap. vi. [40] "Recherches sur l'année vague des Egyptiens," by M. Biot. Académie des Sciences 4th April, 1831. [41] _I.e._, the stars which never set. [42] Herodotus II., 44. (I am indebted to my friend Prof. Robertson Smith for this reference.) [43] See _ante_, p. 111. [44] For instance, in the line of sphinxes in front of temple X, shown in the folding plate inserted in Chap. XVIII., the line was left incomplete to preserve the fair-way of the ruined temple north of Y outside the _temenos_ wall. [45] "Baugeschichte des Dendera-Tempels," 1877. [46] "Rheinisches Museum für Philologie," 1885, p. 39. [47] Quoted from Nissen, _op. cit._ [48] "Origine des Cultes," vol. i., p. 450.