this work is done, it will be possible to begin to answer some of the questions which I have only ventured to raise. I am glad to take this opportunity of expressing my obligations to the authorities in Egypt for the very great help they gave towards the furthering of the inquiries which were set on foot there. Many of my own local observations would, in all probability, never have been made if my friend Major A. Davis, of Syracuse (New York) had not invited me to join him in a cruise up the river in the s.s. _Mohamet Aly_ and practically given me full command of her movements. My best thanks are due to him not only for his hospitality, but for sympathetic aid in my inquiries. Dr. Wallis Budge and Captain Lyons, R.E., have rendered continual help while this book has been in progress, and I cannot sufficiently thank them; to the first-named I am especially indebted for looking over the proof sheets. I am also under obligations to Professors Maspero, Krall, and Max Müller for information on certain points, and to Professors Sayce and Jensen for many valuable suggestions in the chapters dealing with Babylonian astronomy. J. NORMAN LOCKYER. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE PREFACE vii I. THE WORSHIP OF THE SUN AND THE DAWN 1 II. THE FIRST GLIMPSES OF EGYPTIAN ASTRONOMY 9 III. THE ASTRONOMICAL BASIS OF THE EGYPTIAN PANTHEON 20 IV. THE TWO HORIZONS 40 V. THE YEARLY PATH OF THE SUN-GOD 51 VI. THE PROBABLE HOR-SHESU WORSHIP 58 VII. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE ORIENTATION OF TEMPLES 67 VIII. THE EARLIEST SOLAR SHRINES IN EGYPT 73 IX. OTHER SIMILAR SHRINES ELSEWHERE 86 X. THE SOLAR TEMPLE OF AMEN-RĀ AT KARNAK 99 XI. THE AGE OF THE TEMPLE OF AMEN-RĀ AT KARNAK 113 XII. THE STARS--THEIR RISINGS AND SETTINGS 120 XIII. THE EGYPTIAN HEAVENS.--THE ZODIACS OF DENDERAH 132 XIV. THE CIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELLATIONS: THE MYTH OF HORUS 144 XV. TEMPLES DIRECTED TO THE STARS 155 XVI. FURTHER INQUIRIES WITH REGARD TO THE STELLAR TEMPLES 167 XVII. THE BUILDING INSCRIPTIONS 173 XVIII. THE STAR TEMPLES AT KARNAK 182 XIX. THE PERSONIFICATION OF STARS--THE TEMPLE OF ISIS AT DENDERAH 192 XX. THE PERSONIFICATION OF STARS (_Continued_)--THE TEMPLE OF HATHOR AT DENDERAH 201