[402] Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 603. [403] ‘Journal of the Anthropolog. Soc.’ April, 1869, p. lvii. and lxvi. [404] Dr. Scudder, “Notes on Stridulation,” in ‘Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.’ vol. xi. April, 1868. [405] Given in W. C. L. Martin’s ‘General Introduct. to Nat. Hist. of Mamm. Animals,’ 1841, p. 432; Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 600. [406] Helmholtz, ‘Théorie Phys. de la Musique,’ 1868, p. 187. [407] Mr. R. Brown, in ‘Proc. Zoo. Soc.’ 1868, p. 410. [408] ‘Journal of Anthropolog. Soc.’ Oct. 1870, p. clv. See also the several later chapters in Sir John Lubbock’s ‘Prehistoric Times,’ second edition, 1869, which contain an admirable account of the habits of savages. [409] Since this chapter has been printed I have seen a valuable article by Mr. Chauncey Wright (‘North Amer. Review,’ Oct. 1870, page 293), who, in discussing the above subject, remarks, “There are many consequences of the ultimate laws or uniformities of nature through which the acquisition of one useful power will bring with it many resulting advantages as well as limiting disadvantages, actual or possible, which the principle of utility may not have comprehended in its action.” This principle has an important bearing, as I have attempted to shew in the second chapter of this work, on the acquisition by man of some of his mental characteristics. [410] See the very interesting discussion on the Origin and Function of Music, by Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his collected ‘Essays,’ 1858, p. 359. Mr. Spencer comes to an exactly opposite conclusion to that at which I have arrived. He concludes that the cadences used in emotional speech afford the foundation from which music has been developed; whilst I conclude that musical notes and rhythm were first acquired by the male or female progenitors of mankind for the sake of charming the opposite sex. Thus musical tones became firmly associated with some of the strongest passions an animal is capable of feeling, and are consequently used instinctively, or through association, when strong emotions are expressed in speech. Mr. Spencer does not offer any satisfactory explanation, nor can I, why high or deep notes should be expressive, both with man and the lower animals, of certain emotions. Mr. Spencer gives also an interesting discussion on the relations between poetry, recitative, and song. [411] Rengger, ‘Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ s. 49. [412] See an interesting discussion on this subject by Häckel, ‘Generelle Morph.’ B. ii. 1866, s. 246.