Material was found in various beds, from the Cretaceous up to the Lower Miocene; but the major part of the fossils, and most of the facts new to science came from the work in the Deseado Formation. The collections from the horizon were so complete and interesting that this report of the expedition has assumed the form of a monograph of the Deseado Formation, otherwise known as the Pyrotherium beds. The first work in this formation was done by Carlos Ameghino who at various times between 1889 and 1894 collected for his brother, Florentino Ameghino, the latter studying and describing the collections of Carlos, whose trips covered the country from Chubut down to the Straits of Magellan, and the various formations from the Lower Cretaceous to the Pampean or Pleistocene. Carlos Ameghino and his brother, Florentino, for years explored in Patagonia, going summer after summer at their own expense, and in the meantime maintaining a small book and stationery store in La Plata, the profits of which gave the two brothers a living and furnished the funds for the continual expeditions. In the back of the store was the workshop from which came the continuous stream of knowledge in regard to these strange faunas. One of the best pieces of work done by the brothers was the collecting and describing of the fauna of the Pyrotherium beds the bulk of which is contained in two papers entitled, Première Contribution à la Connaissance de la Fauna mammalogique des Couches à Pyrotherium, and Mammifères Crétacés de L’Argentine, Deuxième Contribution, etc., both published in the Boletin del Instituto Geográfico Argentino, tomes 15 and 18 respectively. These two papers give names to most of the forms which we found, but the genera and species are based on very fragmentary and incomplete material. It has been a pleasure to find the accuracy with which these descriptions were made; and our part has been chiefly to supplement and increase the knowledge of the various forms, and to determine from the more complete material the relationships of these strange forms. In some cases we have been able to assemble all the parts of the animals, and in the others to add more or less to the completion of the knowledge of the forms. There is one peculiarity of Ameghino’s descriptions, namely the absence of data as to the localities where the forms were found. About 1900 Tournier, in the interests of the Paris Museum, made a series of expeditions (5) to Patagonia, on some of which he found a Pyrotherium, or as he has termed it Deseado, locality just south of the Deseado River, from which he gathered a considerable collection which has been described by Albert Gaudry in various papers mostly in the Annales de Paléontologie.