The Development of Certain Tendencies in Modern Opera: Thesis for the degree of Bachelor of MusicBrowne, Kathryn Eleanor
History
The Development of Certain Tendencies in Modern Opera: Thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Music
Browne, Kathryn Eleanor
Opera
Then came the band of Florentine nobles who were not originators, but
merely revived certain musical practices and traditions of the 14th
century and modeled these on the early Greek tragedies. "Eurydice"
was accompanied by a large orchestra for those days consisting of a
chitarone, viola di gamba, theorba, three flutes and smaller trombones.
There was a brief entr'acte, and a trio of two sopranos and a tenor. The
chorus was in five parts. Previous to this the solo without harmony or
harmonic support was unknown. The instrumental music was of course in
its infancy and expressive melody was out of the question. This first
operatic orchestra was concealed--perhaps this suggested the idea to
Wagner--perhaps not. There were no set tunes, nor any sort of formal
melody divided into periods, balancing each other symmetrically, but a
sort of recitative which observed the inflection of the spoken words was
created.
Peri developed this principle to a great extent. He expressed soft gentle
speech by half spoken, half sung tones on a sustained instrumental bass.
Feelings of deeper emotional kind, he expressed by melody with greater
intervals and a lively tempo, accompanied by instrumental harmonies
changing frequently, sometimes using dissonance. His prologue was in
verse and he gave short metrical passages for the chorus which were rich
in harmony. An instrumental episode in the first act and dancing in the
end are effective.
Vecchi's "L'Amfiparnasso" and "Commedia Armonica" are really only a
series of madrigals for five voices. There was no overture, no orchestral
accompaniment, nor ritornello of any kind. When the stage was occupied
by a single character, four voices were made to sing behind the scenes,
foretelling the modern orchestra. In "Orfeo" the accompaniment was a
figured bass. "Dafne" and "Arianna" were written in this newly invented
"Stilo rappresentatino" with a larger orchestra. "Dafne" consisted of
an imitation of speech, a sort of melodious recitative accompanied only
with a sustained bass. The instruments were really so contrasted and
combined as to invest each character and scene with marked individuality.
The introductory toccata (founded on a single chord) was followed by a
ritornello, the recitative was accompanied by a figured bass, sometimes
by two or more instruments indicated at the beginning.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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