Expansion of towns.--Revival of commerce and industries.--Schools and literature.--Newspapers.--Rise of the Anti-Federal party.--Baptist, Methodist, and Separatist dissatisfaction.--Growth of a broader conception of toleration within the Consociated churches. XIII. CERTIFICATE LAWS AND WESTEKN LAND BILLS Opposition to the Establishment from dissenters, Anti-Federalists, and the dissatisfied within the Federal ranks.--Certificate law of 1791 to allay dissatisfaction.--Its opposite effect.--A second Certificate law to replace the former.--Antagonism created by legislation in favor of Yale College.--Storm of protest against the Western Land bills of 1792-93.--Congregational missions in Western territory.--Baptist opposition to legislative measures.--The revised Western Land bill as a basis for Connecticut's public school fund.--Result of the opposition roused by the Certificate laws and Western Land bills. XIV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN CONNECTICUT Government according to the charter of 1662.--Party tilt over town representation.--Anti-Federal grievances against the Council or Senate, the Judiciary, and other defective parts of the machinery of government.--Constitutional questions.--Rise of the Democratic-Republican party.--Influence of the French Revolution.--The Federal members of the Establishment or "Standing Order," the champions of religious and political stability.--President Dwight, the leader of the Standing Order.--Leaders of the Democratic-Republicans.--Political campaigns of 1804-1806.--Sympathy for the defeated Republicans.--Politics at the close of the War of 1812. XV. DISESTABLISHMENT Waning of the power of the Federal party in Connecticut.--Opposition to the Republican administration during the War of 1812.--Participation in the Hartford Convention.--Economic benefits of the war.--Attitude of the New England clergy toward the war.--The Toleration party of 1816.--Act for the Support of Literature and Religion.--Opposition.--Toleration and Reform Ticket of 1817.--New Certificate Law.--Constitution and Reform Ticket of 1818.--Its victory.--The Constitutional Convention.--New Constitution of 1818.--Separation of Church and State. APPENDIX NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN CONNECTICUT CHAPTER I THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY CONGREGATIONALISM The stone which the builders rejected is become the head of the corner.--Psalm cxviii, 22. The colonists of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven were grounded in the system which became known as Congregational, and later as Congregationalism. At the outset they differed not at all in creed, and only in some respects in polity, from the great Puritan body in England, out of which they largely came.[a]