[Footnote 12: Comp. Biese, _op. cit._] [Footnote 13: Chrysostom was not only utilitarian, but praised and enjoyed the world's beauty. From the fifth to third century, Greek progress in feeling for Nature can be traced from unconscious to conscious pleasure in her beauty.] [Footnote 14: _De Mortalitate_, cap. 4.] [Footnote 15: _Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Literatur_.] [Footnote 16: When one thinks of Sappho, Simonides, Theocritus, Meleager, Catullus, Ovid, and Horace, it cannot be denied that this is true of Greek and Roman lyric.] [Footnote 17: As in the Homeric time, when each sphere of Nature was held to be subject to and under the influence of its special deity. But it cannot be admitted that metaphor was freer and bolder in the hymns; on the contrary, it was very limited and monotonous.] [Footnote 18: In _Cathemerinon_.] [Footnote 19: Comp. fragrant gardens of Paradise, Hymn 3. In Hamartigenia he says that the evil and ugly in Nature originates in the devil.] [Footnote 20: Ebert.] [Footnote 21: The Robinsonade of the hermit Bonosus upon a rocky island is interesting.] [Footnote 22: Comp. Biese, _op. cit._] [Footnote 23: Comp. _ad Paulinum_, epist. 19, _Monum. German._ v. 2.] [Footnote 24: _Carm. nat. 7._] [Footnote 25: _Ep._ xi.] [Footnote 26: _Migne Patrol_ 60.] [Footnote 27: _Migne Patrol_ 59.] [Footnote 28: Ebert.] [Footnote 29: Comp. Biese, _op. cit._] [Footnote 30: Comp. Biese, _op. cit._] [Footnote 31: _Migne Patrol_ 58.] [Footnote 32: _Carm._ lib. i.] [Footnote 33: _Amoenitas loci_: Variorum libri Lugduni, 1677.] [Footnote 34: _Monum. Germ._, 4th ed., Leo, lib. viii.] [Footnote 35: _Deutsche Rundschau_, 1882.] [Footnote 36: _Monum. German Histor., poet. lat. medii ævi_, I. Berlin 1881, ed. Dümmler. Alcuin, _Carmen_ 23.] [Footnote 37: Zoeckler, _Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft_. 'On rocky crags by the sea, on shores fringed by oak or beech woods, in the shady depths of forests, on towering mountain tops, or on the banks of great rivers, one sees the ruins or the still inhabited buildings which once served as the dwellings of the monks who, with the cross as their only weapon, were the pioneers of our modern culture. Their flight from the life of traffic and bustle in the larger towns was by no means a flight from the beauties of Nature.' The last statement is only partly true. In the prime of the monastic era the beauties of Nature were held to be a snare of the devil. Still, in choosing a site, beauty of position was constantly referred to as an auxiliary motive. 'Bernhard loved the valley,' 'but Bernhard chose mountains,' are significant phrases.] [Footnote 38: Comp. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_, on the old Germanic idea of a conflict between winter and spring.] [Footnote 39: Dümmler, vi. _Carolus et Leo papa._] [Footnote 40: Walahfridi Strabi, _De cultura hortorum_.]