[21] It may be interesting to observe that, according to our Chinese text, Sakyamuni Buddha evidently disclaimed any desire to formulate, or to perpetuate, a stereotyped system of “Law” or “doctrine.” Sakyamuni Buddha also made it plain, that the “Law” which he enunciated, was presented before the minds of his disciples in the simile of a “raft”—a thing to be abandoned when the mind “touched the further shore” of everlasting truth. It seems to be in this tentative sense that intellectual Buddhists regard all ecclesiastical institutions, priesthoods, dogmas, ordinances, etc.; and we have met monks who would classify belief in the “efficacy” of religious rites or ceremonies, with obnoxious forms of “heresy” and “immorality.” (Compare Rhys Davids’ _Buddhism_.) With regard to the Buddhist objection concerning the “efficacy” of religious “rites,” compare the noble sentiments expressed in the following lines, delightfully rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold from the _Bhagavad-Gita_ (_The Song Celestial_):— “Serenity of soul, benignity, Sway of the silent spirit, constant stress To sanctify the nature,—these things make Good rite, and true religiousness of mind.” [22] Max Müller suggests that Samgna and Dharma “correspond in many respects to the Vedantic Namarupe”—in Chinese Ming-Seh—name, form, or characteristic. [23] Compare p. 86. [24] Compare p. 55. [25] Compare p. 80. [26] Compare p. 76. [27] Compare p. 95. [28] Some modern Japanese Buddhists appear to regard this purely spiritual element as “essence of mind.” [29] From the preface to _The Vagrakkhedika_. [30] Compare p. 110. [31] Compare the interesting dialogue entitled _The Enlightenment of Ananda_, in which Sakyamuni instructs his distinguished disciple in ideas concerning the subjective and objective phenomena of mind. [32] Compare pp. 102, 103. [33] Bodhisattvas—greatly enlightened disciples. [34] _Vidya Matra Siddhi_, a philosophical work by Vasubandhu, a native of Radjagriha, and disciple of Nagarjuna, founder of the Mahayana school. (Compare Eitel’s _Handbook of Chinese Buddhism_.) [35] Compare the process of reasoning which permeates the entire _Diamond Sutra_. We hope no injustice is done to our Japanese friends, by applying to their beautiful concept “essence of mind,” this familiar logical method of Sakyamuni Buddha. [36] Fah-Shen—the Law, or spiritual body. Compare Shen-Shen, the term usually employed in the Chinese rendering of the New Testament Scriptures to denote the spiritual body. [37] Gatha—usually a Scripture verse comprising four lines. [38] Compare the following lines from _The Song Celestial_.— “I am not known To evil-doers, ... nor to those Whose mind is cheated by the show of things.” [39] In Buddhist phraseology, Yuen-Chioh means the study, by means of contemplation, of primary spiritual causes.