A farther result of this classification is to supply the sounds of the missing vowels _e_ and _o_, for when _i_ or _u_ follow a consonant with an inherent _a_, the diphthongs _ai_ and _au_ are produced, which correspond phonetically and grammatically to the diphthongs _ê_ and _ô_ in Sanscrit.[571] Such were the results communicated by Rawlinson in his Supplementary Note, which, as we have seen, crossed the detailed account of Hincks’s paper on the same subject. It was received in London on October 8, and its substance was read at a meeting of the Society on December 6, and noticed in the ‘Athenæum’ of December 19.[572] The alterations in the method of transliteration required by the new system were, as we have said, carried out under the supervision of Mr. Norris.[573] Rawlinson has not drawn up a formal grammar of Old Persian, but he loses no opportunity of comparing its forms with Sanscrit and Zend, and pointing out wherein they agree and wherein they differ. He shows that the initial letter _a_, so frequently employed, is used to express the temporal augment in the past tenses of verbs, and according to the analogy of the Sanscrit it is short. But the short _a_ of Sanscrit terminations is changed into long _a_ in the cuneiform; and the mute terminal consonants of the former are usually omitted, as in the endings ‘as,’ ‘at,’ ‘an,’ ‘am,’ a rule applicable to both nouns and verbs. He shows also that the suffixes in _i_, so common in Sanscrit and Zend, are all lengthened into ‘iya’; a rule also applicable to the terminal _u_.[574] If he had finished his chapter on the Vocabulary, the student might have been able from it to put together a complete grammar. Under their initial letters we find ‘adam,’ the personal pronoun ‘ego’; ‘aniya,’ ‘alius’; the two demonstrative pronouns ‘ava,’ ‘that,’ and ‘iyam,’ ‘this’;[575] correctly traced through all their cases so far as they were known—and the same is done for the cases of the verbs ‘am‘iy,’ ‘I am,’ and ‘thah,’ ‘to say’;[576] and in each he shows the close similarity they exhibit to Sanscrit and Zend. In his notes to the translation he dwells especially on the construction of the sentences and upon the historical questions raised by the subject-matter of the text. He gives an elaborate analysis of each letter of the cuneiform alphabet, comparing its use and pronunciation with those of other languages. He can draw a wealth of illustration at pleasure from the kindred languages of Sanscrit, Zend, Pehlevi, Persian, as well as from Pali, Devanagari, Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, and Turkish; and although he displays an amount of knowledge that is truly surprising, he defers with unaffected humility to ‘the more experienced philologist.’[577] He classifies Old Persian as belonging to ‘the Arian type, resembling Sanscrit very closely in its grammatical structure; but in its orthographical development more nearly approximating to the Zend: while in the peculiarity of organisation which