Lower status of barbarism; it ended differently in the two hemispheres; in ancient America there was no pastoral stage of development 27 Importance of Indian corn 28 Tillage with irrigation 29 Use of adobe-brick and stone in building 29 Middle status of barbarism 29, 30 Stone and copper tools 30 Working of metals; smelting of iron 30 Upper status of barbarism 31 The alphabet and the beginnings of civilization 32 So-called "civilizations" of Mexico and Peru 33, 34 Loose use of the words "savagery" and "civilization" 35 Value and importance of the term "barbarism" 35, 36 The status of barbarism is most completely exemplified in ancient America 36, 37 Survival of bygone epochs of culture; work of the Bureau of Ethnology 37, 38 Tribal society and multiplicity of languages in aboriginal America 38, 39 Tribes in the upper status of savagery; Athabaskans, Apaches, Shoshones, etc. 39 Tribes in the lower status of barbarism; the Dakota group or family 40 The Minnitarees and Mandans 41 The Pawnee and Arickaree group 42 The Maskoki group 42 The Algonquin group 43 The Huron-Iroquois group 44 The Five Nations 45-47 Distinction between horticulture and field agriculture 48 Perpetual intertribal warfare, with torture and cannibalism 49-51 Myths and folk-lore 51 Ancient law 52, 53 The patriarchal family not primitive 53 "Mother-right" 54 Primitive marriage 55 The system of reckoning kinship through females only 56 Original reason for the system 57 The primeval human horde 58, 59 Earliest family-group; the clan 60 "Exogamy" 60