Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Richard Prairie and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net Columbia University Lectures THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION THE HEWITT LECTURES 1906-1907 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS SALES AGENTS NEW YORK: LEMCKE & BUECHNER 30-32 WEST 27TH STREET LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD AMEN CORNER, E.C. _COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LECTURES_ THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION ITS BASIS AND ITS SCOPE BY HENRY EDWARD CRAMPTON, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF ZOOeLOGY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY New York COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1916 _All rights reserved_ COPYRIGHT, 1911, By THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS Set up and electrotyped. Published June, 1911. Reprinted December, 1912; September, 1916. Norwood Press J.S. Cushing Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. PREFACE The present volume consists of a series of eight addresses delivered as the Hewitt Lectures of Columbia University at Cooper Union in New York City during the months of February and March, 1907. The purpose of these lectures was to describe in concise outline the Doctrine of Evolution, its basis in the facts of natural history, and its wide and universal scope. They fall naturally into two groups. Those of the first part deal with matters of definition, with the essential characteristics of living things, and, at greater length, with the evidences of organic evolution. The lectures of the second group take up the various aspects of human evolution as a special instance of the general organic process. In this latter part of the series, the subject of physical evolution is first considered, and this is followed by an analysis of human mental evolution; the chapter on social evolution extends the fundamental principles to a field which is not usually considered by biologists, and its purpose is to demonstrate the efficiency of the genetic method in this department as in all others; finally, the principles are extended to what is called "the higher human life," the realm, namely, of ethical, religious, and theological ideas and ideals.