How does all of this relate to modern dolphins, porpoises, and whales? From the vast array of scientific facts and theories about our own species, a few of those which I feel are useful in approaching another species to evaluate its intelligence are discussed above. But before I make connections there, let us attenuate some interfering attitudes and points of view, some myths not so modern; these interfering presumptions can be stated as follows: (1) No animal has a language comparable to a human language. (2) No animal is as intelligent as man. (3) Man can adapt himself to any environment quite as well as any animal. (4) Intelligence and intellect can be expressed only in the ways man expresses or has expressed them. (5) All animal behavior is instinct-determined. (6) None of man’s thought and behavior is so determined. (7) Only man thinks and plans; animals are incapable of having a mental life. (8) Philosophy and contemplative and analytic thought are characteristic only of man, not of any animal. All of these statements stem from ignorance and anthropocentricity. For example, who are we to say that whales, dolphins, and porpoises are to be included as “dumb beasts”? It would be far more objective and humble to tell the truth—we don’t know about these animals because we haven’t “been there yet.” We have not lived in the sea, naked and alone, or even in mobile groups, without steel containers to keep out the sea itself. For purposes of discussion let us make the following assumptions which push counter to the current of bias running deep among us: (1) Man has not yet been willing to investigate the possibility of another intelligent species. (2) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are assumed to be “dumb beasts” with little or no evidence for this presumption. (3) We do not yet know very much about these animals—their necessities, their intelligences, their lives, the possibility of their communications. (4) It is possible for man to investigate these matters objectively with courage and perseverance. (5) To properly evaluate whales, dolphins, porpoises, we must use everything we have intellectually, all available knowledge, _humanistic_ as well as _scientific_. Our best knowledge of ourselves as a species, as humans, is in the humanities and in the budding, growing sciences of man. In pursuit of understanding of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises, we need, at least at the beginning, a large view which is in the human sciences and in the humanities. The sciences of animals are necessarily restrictive in their view, and hence not yet applicable to our problems.