Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Labyrinths and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net THE DYEING OF COTTON FABRICS _A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK FOR THE DYER AND STUDENT_ BY FRANKLIN BEECH PRACTICAL COLOURIST AND CHEMIST _ILLUSTRATED BY FORTY-FOUR ENGRAVINGS_ LONDON SCOTT, GREENWOOD & CO. 19 LUDGATE HILL, E.C. 1901 [_All rights reserved_] PREFACE. In writing this little book the author believes he is supplying a want which most Students and Dyers of Cotton Fabrics have felt--that of a small handbook clearly describing the various processes and operations of the great industry of dyeing Cotton. The aim has not been to produce a very elaborate treatise but rather a book of a convenient size, and in order to do so it has been necessary to be brief and to omit many matters that would rightfully find a place in a larger treatise, but the author hopes that nothing of importance has been omitted. The most modern processes have been described in some detail; care has been taken to select those which experience shows to be thoroughly reliable and to give good results. FRANKLIN BEECH. _May, 1901._ CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF THE COTTON FIBRE 1 Action of Alkalies 6 Action of Acids on Cellulose 9 Action of Sulphuric Acid on Cotton 10 Action of Hydrochloric Acid 11 Action of Nitric Acid 12 Action of Oxidising Agents on Cellulose or Cotton 16 CHAPTER II. SCOURING AND BLEACHING OF COTTON 23 Stains and Damages in Bleached Goods 50 CHAPTER III. DYEING MACHINERY AND DYEING MANIPULATIONS 53 Hand Dyeing 53 Dyeing Machines 57 Dyeing, Slubbing, Sliver or Carded Cotton and Wool 58 Cop Dyeing 64 CHAPTER IV. THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF COTTON DYEING 82 (1) Direct Dyeing 85 (2) Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Metallic Salts 112 (3) Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Developers 128 (4) Direct Dyeing followed by Fixation with Couplers 139 (5) Dyeing on Tannic Mordant 147 (6) Dyeing on Metallic Mordants 156 (7) Production of Colour Direct upon Cotton Fibres 181 (8) Dyeing Cotton by Impregnation with Dye-stuff Solution 198 CHAPTER V.