not allowed to get dry there is no risk of damage; this trouble rarely arises with the Barlow and injector kiers. The inside of the kiers should be kept well limed, so that the goods shall not come in contact with the bare iron or metal of which the kier is constructed, as this would be very likely to lead to stains being produced which are by no means easy to remove. It is usual, and it is a good plan with almost all kinds of kiers, except the Mather and Edmeston kiers, to put a number of large pebbles or small stones at the bottom of the kier, which serves to make a false bottom on which the goods rest and through which the liquor penetrates and flows away. Before using, the stones should be well washed to free them from dirt and grit. [Illustration: Fig. 4.--Mather & Platt's Low-pressure Bleaching Kier.] The lime boil is carried out in what are called "kiers". Many forms of kiers have been devised, but the one in most general use is that known as the "injector kier," of which a drawing is given in Fig. 4, of the form made by Messrs. Mather & Platt of Salford. Injector kiers are made to work either under a pressure of 40 lb. to 50 lb. of steam per square inch, when they are called high-pressure kiers, or at a pressure of 15 lb. to 20 lb., when they are called low-pressure kiers. The one shown in the drawing is intended for low-pressure kiers. The principle of construction is the same in all, the details varying somewhat with different makers. Injector kiers consist of a hollow, upright iron cylinder made of plates riveted together; the top is made to lift off, but can be fastened down tightly by means of bolts and nuts as shown in the drawing. From the bottom, and placed centrally, rises a pipe, known as the puffer pipe; this terminates at the top in a rose arrangement. The lower end of the pipe is perforated. A jet of steam is sent in at the bottom of this pipe, and by its force any liquor at the bottom of the kier is forced up the puffer pipe and distributed in a spray over any goods which may be in the kier. The liquor ultimately finds its way to the bottom of the kier ready to be blown up again. This circulation of the liquor can be maintained for any length of time and through its agency every part of the goods gets thorough and effectual treatment. The length of the boil depends upon the kiers; with the open kier about ten hours are usually given, with the Barlow and injector kiers, working at a pressure of 40 lb. to 50 lb., six to seven hours are given.