Developing Machine for Paranitroaniline Red 194 30. Indigo Dye-vat for Cloth 199 31. Squeezing Rollers 240 32. Yarn-washing Machine 243 33. Dye-house Washing Machine 244 34. Cloth-washing Machine 245 35. Cloth-washing Machine 247 36. Washing and Soaping Vats 248 37. Steaming Cottage 249 38. Steaming and Ageing Chamber 250 39. Hydro-extractor 251 40. Hydro-extractor 252 41. Automatic Yarn-dryer 253 42. Truck Yarn-dryer 254 43. Drying Cylinders 255 44. Experimental Dye-bath 263 CHAPTER I. STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY OF THE COTTON FIBRE. There is scarcely any subject of so much importance to the bleacher, textile colourist or textile manufacturer as the structure and chemistry of the cotton fibre with which he has to deal. By the term chemistry we mean not only the composition of the fibre substance itself, but also the reactions it is capable of undergoing when brought into contact with various chemical substances--acids, alkalies, salts, etc. These reactions have a very important bearing on the operations of bleaching and dyeing of cotton fabrics. A few words on vegetable textile fibres in general may be of interest. Fibres are met with in connection with plants in three ways. First, as cuticle or ciliary fibres or hairs; these are of no practical use, being much too short for preparing textile fabrics from, but they play an important part in the physiology of the plant. Second, as seed hairs; that is fibres that are attached to the seeds of many plants, such, for instance, as the common thistle and dandelion; the cotton fibre belongs to this group of seed hairs, while there are others, kapok, etc., that have been tried from time to time in spinning and weaving, but without much success. These seed hairs vary much in length, from 1/4 inch to 1-1/2 inches or even 2 inches; each fibre consists of a single unit. Whether it is serviceable as a textile fibre depends upon its structure, which differs in different plants, and also upon the quantity available.