Dyeing by hand is carried on in the simplest possible appliances; much depends upon whether the work can be done at the ordinary temperature or at the boil. Figs. 6 and 7 show respectively a rectangular vat and a round tub much in use in dye-houses. These are made of wood, but copper dye-vats are also made. These may be used for all kinds of material, loose fibre, yarns or cloth. In the case of loose fibre this is stirred about either with poles or with rakes, care being taken to turn every part over and over and open out the masses of fibre as much as possible in order to avoid matting or clotting together. In the case of yarns or skeins, these are hung on sticks resting on the edges of the tub or vat. These sticks are best made of hickory, but ash or beech or any hard wood that can be worked smooth and which does not swell much when treated with water may be used. The usual method of working is to hang the skein on the stick, spreading it out as much as possible, then immerse the yarn in the liquor, lift it up and down two or three times to fully wet out the yarn, then turn the yarn over on the stick and repeat the dipping processes, then allow to steep in the dye-liquor. This is done with the batch of yarn that is to be dyed at a time. When all the yarn has been entered into the dye-bath, the first stickful is lifted out, the yarn turned over and re-entered in the dye-liquor, this operation is carried out with all the sticks of yarn until the cotton has become dyed of the required depth. In the case of long rectangular vats it is customary for two men, one on each side of the vat to turn the yarns, each man taking charge of the yarn which is nearest to him. The turning over one lot of yarn is technically called "one turn" and the dyer often gives "three turns" or "four turns" as may be required. Woven goods may be dyed in the tub or vat, the pieces being drawn in and out by poles, but the results are not altogether satisfactory and it is preferable to use machines for dyeing piece goods. [Illustration: FIG. 8.--Section of Dye-vat.]