=Graemiger's Cop-dyeing Machine.=--This is shown in section in Figs. 13 and 14. Although simple in its work it is somewhat complex in its construction and difficult to describe. The machine consists of a dye-vat to hold the requisite dye-liquors. In the upper portions of this is an iron casting formed with four chambers, the two lower ones of which are immersed in the dye-liquor while the upper chambers are above it. The sides of this casting are formed of metal plates which fit tightly against the casting and form as nearly air-and water-tight joints with it as it is possible to make. These metal plates are on a spindle and can be rotated. They are perforated and made to carry spindles, on which are placed the cops to be dyed. The two lower chambers are in connection with a pump which draws the air from them and so creates a vacuum inside the chambers. To fill this, liquor from the dye-vat passes through the cops and into the chambers, and is in turn drawn through the pump and returned to the dye-vat. In this way there is a continual circulation of dye-liquors from the vat through the cops, chambers and pump back to the vat again. [Illustration: FIG. 14.--Graemiger Cop-dyeing Machine.] The left upper chamber is practically a blank chamber. Those portions of the cop carriers in contact with it are filled with cops, which are placed on perforated spindles; the discs are given a quarter revolution which brings the cops into the dye-liquor and in connection with the left lower chamber and are dyed. At the same time the section of the cop carriers now in contact with the left top chamber is filled with a new lot of cops, another quarter of a revolution is given to the cop carriers, which immerse the new lot of cops in the dye-liquor. The third quarter of the cop plates is filled with cops. A third movement of the cop plates now takes place; this brings the first lot of cops out of the dye-liquor and in contact with the right upper chamber, where the surplus liquor is drawn out of them and returned to the dye-vat. Another revolution brings the cops back to their first position, they are now removed and a new lot substituted. These proceedings go on continuously. Although not quite free from defects the machine gives very good results, the cops being very uniformly dyed through. [Illustration: FIG. 15.--- Beaumont's Cop-dyeing Machine.]