21. Dye Beck for Cloth...................................... 56 22. Hawking Machine......................................... 57 23. Indigo Dye Vat for Cloth............................... 149 24. Squeezing Rollers...................................... 199 25. Yarn Washing Machine................................... 201 26. Cloth Washing Machine.................................. 202 (p. viii) 27. Cloth Washing Machine.................................. 204 28. Soaping and Washing Machine............................ 205 29. Hydro-extractor........................................ 206 30. Hydro-extractor........................................ 207 31. Yarn Drying Apparatus.................................. 208 32. Cloth Drying Machine................................... 208 33. Experimental Dye Apparatus............................. 212 CHAPTER I. (p. 001) THE WOOL FIBRE. Wool is one of the most important textile fibres used in the manufacture of woven fabrics of all kinds. It belongs to the group of animal fibres of which three kinds are met with in nature, and used in the manufacture of textile fibres; two of these are derived from quadruped animals, such as the sheep, goat, etc., while the third class comprises the products of certain insects, _e.g._, silk. The skin of all animals is covered with more or less of a fibrous coat, which serves as a sort of protecting coat from the weather to the skin underneath. Two different kinds of fibres are found on animals; one is a stiff kind of fibre varying in length very much and called hairy fibres, these sometimes grow to a great length. The other class of animal fibres are the woolly fibres, short, elastic and soft; they are the most esteemed for the manufacture of textile fabrics, it is only when the hairy fibres are long that they are serviceable for this particular purpose. There is a slight difference in the structure of the two kinds of fibre, woolly fibres having a more scaly structure than hairy fibres; the latter also differ in being more cylindrical in form. #Wool.#--By far the most important of the animal fibres is wool, the fibre of the domestic sheep. Other animals, the llama or alpaca, the Angora and Cashmere goats also yield fibres of a similar character, which are imported under the name of wools. There are many (p. 002) varieties of wools Which are yielded by the various breeds of sheep, but they may be roughly divided into two kinds, according to the length of "staple," as it is called. In the long-stapled wools the fibres average from 7-1/2 to 9-1/2 inches in length, while the short-stapled wools vary from 1 to 2 inches long. The diameter varies very considerably from 0.00033 to 0.0018 of an inch. [Illustration: Fig. 1.--Wool Fibre under the Microscope.]