Cotton, called cotton-wool, 8; import of, early, 2, 16; at end of seventeenth century, 16; in eighteenth century, 24; up to 1815, 132; import of, from East, 8, 9, 13, 16; from Africa, 16; from America and West Indies, 16, 57, 132; imported through London, 57; previous sources displaced by United States, 16; customs on imported cotton, 9; early use of, for candle-wicks, 2; first used in making cloth, 2; made into fustians, vermilions, dymities, 8; regular supply necessary to Lancashire in 1654, 13; perhaps used in Lancashire for cloth-making in sixteenth century, 7; cleaning and carding, early methods of, 75; used as substitute for flax in lace-making, 131; quantity spun by mules in 1812, 188 Cotton cloth, see Petitions; imported before sixteenth century, 2 and _n._; pure, when manufactured, 29; put on same footing as mixed goods, 93 Cottons, see Acts (1514, 1535, 1551), Manchester; made in Lancashire in early sixteenth century, 2; in Bolton district, 3; and outside Lancashire, 7; exported in sixteenth century, 3, 7; manufacture regulated, 3-8; faults in making of, 5; regarded as species of woollen cloth, 7, 8; manufacture introduced by immigrants, 12; duties on, abolished, 7 Cotton industry, see Fustian, Germany, Lancashire, Manchester, Weymouth; originated in second half of sixteenth century, 12; established by 1621, 10; difficulties during commonwealth, 13; associated with fustian manufacture, 15; comparatively unhampered by regulations, 66; development of spinning and preparatory processes after 1736, 72, 76_n._; progressive expansion due to inventions, 145, 179, 189; expansion after 1770, 1, 72, 91, 132; organised on factory system after 1770, 1, 75_n._, 98-99, 100; factories transferred from country to towns, 126; description of, between 1770 and 1778, 133-134; statistics of mule and ring spindles, 164; organisation and methods changing in 1780, 24; expansion by 1812, 179, 189-190; assumed modern form in spinning branch, 132; employment and capital in 1782, 100; fear of removal to Ireland and Scotland, 106; manufacture of fine fabrics transferred from East to West, 129 and _n._; development of fine cotton goods manufacture, 130-131; finds extending market in East, 130 and _n._; use of steam-power in, 81-82; domestic system in, 137_n._; association of industry with agriculture, 135-137; labour supplied mainly from cottagers and small farmers, 139; distinction and proportion between small farmers and cottagers engaged in, 137-139; semi-independent producers in, 35-36, 134-135, 143 and _n._; but not typical workpeople, 36-37, 143; part-time industrialists in country districts only, 137, 143 and _n._; classes affected by industrial changes, 139-143;