THE EARLY NORMAN CASTLES OF THE BRITISH ISLES [Illustration: MOTTE-CASTLES FROM THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY.] THE EARLY NORMAN CASTLES OF THE BRITISH ISLES BY ELLA S. ARMITAGE HONORARY FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND AUTHOR OF "THE CHILDHOOD OF THE ENGLISH NATION"; "THE CONNECTION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND"; "AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES," ETC., ETC. WITH PLANS BY D. H. MONTGOMERIE, F.S.A. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 1912 ERRATA Page 34, _note_ 1.--_For_ "construerat" _read_ "construxerat." Page 40, line 9.--_For_ "there was only one motte, the site of the castle of the Norman Giffards is now almost obliterated," _read_ "there was only one motte, site of the castle of the Norman Giffards, now almost obliterated." Page 133, line 16.--_For_ "1282" _read_ "1182." Page 145, _note_ 1.--_For_ "Legercestria" _read_ "Legecestria." Page 147, line 15.--Delete comma after "castle." Page 216, _note_ 2.--_For_ "instalment" _read_ "statement." Page 304, _note_ 3.--_For_ "Galloway, Wigton, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries," _read_ "Galloway (Wigton, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries)." PREFACE Some portions of this book have already appeared in print. Of these, the most important is the _catalogue raisonné_ of early Norman castles in England which will be found in Chapter VII., and which was originally published in the _English Historical Review_ (vol. xix., 1904). It has, however, been enlarged by the inclusion of five fresh castles, and by notes upon thirty-four others, of which the article in the _Review_ gave only the names; the historical notes in that essay being confined to the castles mentioned in Domesday Book. The chapter on Irish mottes appeared in the _Antiquary_ (vol. xlii., 1906), but it has been revised, corrected, and added to. Portions of a still earlier paper, read before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in March 1900, are incorporated in various parts of the book, but these have been recast in the fuller treatment of the subject which is aimed at here. The rest of the work is entirely new. No serious attempt had been made to ascertain the exact nature of Saxon and Danish fortifications by a comparison of the existing remains with the historical records which have come down to us, until the publication of Mr Allcroft's valuable book on _Earthwork of England_. The chapters on Saxon and Danish earthworks in the present volume were written before the appearance of his book, though the results arrived at are only slightly different.