Viking crews, 90 Viollet le Duc, 368 _n._ 1 Vire, keep, 361 Voussoirs, 362 Wales, Chapters VIII., IX.; Wales and Saxons, 253; Wales and Normans, 254 Wallace family, 319 Wallingford, 28, =228= Walwern, 301 Wareham, 25, 28 Warenne, Wm., 124, 165 Wark, 366, 367, 368 _n._ 2, 388 Warkworth, 377 Warwick, 36, =230= Wasta, 114 Waterford, 347 Water-supply, 362-363 Watling Street, 16, 32, 382 Waytemore Castle, 107 Weardbyrig, 36 Welsh halls, 251 Welshpool, 265 Wessex, 13 Wexford, 348 Wicklow, 348 Wigingamere, 41 Wigmore, 232 William I., 22, 77 William the Lion, 163, 305 Willington, 57 Winchester, 233 Winding walks on mottes, 102, 121 Windsor, 236; borough, 238 Wisbeach, 239 Wiston, 279 Witham, 39 Wolvesey Castle, 235 _n._ 4 Wooden fortifications, 78, 208, 228, 250, 306, 358, 359 Worcester, 115, 23, 31, =240=; charter, 21 Wrexham Castle, 268 Yale Castle, 271, 300 Year 1000, 78 York, 13, =242= York, Baile Hill, 248 Ystrad Cyngen, 288 Ystrad Meurig, 283 Ystrad Peithyll, 282 PRINTED BY OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH FOOTNOTES: [1] Mr W. H. St John Hope arrived independently at similar conclusions. [2] In the paper on Earthworks in the second volume of the _Victoria County History of Yorkshire_, this subdivision of the promiscuous class X., is used. [3] Since the above was written, Mr Hadrian Allcroft's work on _Earthwork of England_ has furnished an admirable text-book of this subject. [4] See Frontispiece. [5] See Fig. 1. [6] For instance, at Berkeley, Ewias Harold, Yelden, and Tomen y Roddwy. [7] As at Rayleigh and Downpatrick. [8] In some of these castles there is no gap in the bailey banks for an entrance. They must have been entered by a movable wooden stair, such as horses can be taught to climb. See the plan of Topcliffe Castle, Yorks (Fig. 1). [9] _Vor Oldtid_, p. 629. [10] _Entwickelung des Kriegswesens_, iii., 379. [11] See Chapter VII. [12] _Primitive Folkmoots._ See Appendix A. [13] _Early Fortifications in Scotland_, p. 13. He adds an instance showing that Moot Hill is sometimes a mistake for Moot Hall. [14] _Scottish Review_, vol. xxxii. [15] Some writers give the name of moot-hill to places in Yorkshire and elsewhere where the older ordnance maps give moat-hill. _Moat_ in this connection is the same as _motte_, the Scotch and Irish _mote_, i.e., the hillock of a castle, derived from the Norman-French word _motte_. As this word is by far the most convenient name to give to these hillocks, being the only specific name which they have ever had, we shall henceforth use it in these pages. We prefer it to _mote_, which is the Anglicised form of the word, because of its confusion with _moat_, a ditch. Some writers advocate the word _mount_, but this appears to us too vague. As the word _motte_ is French in origin, it appropriately describes a thing which was very un-English when first introduced here.