Owen Gwynedd, 260, 270 Oxford, 180 Oxnam, 310 Oystermouth, 298 Pantolf, William, 213 Parliamentary fortifications, 202 Payn's Castle, =293=, 395 Peak, 182 Pembroke, 278 Pentecost's Castle, 24, 150 Penwortham, 183 Peterborough, 185 Pevensey, 99, 186 Pistes, Capitulary of, 68, 72 Pitt-Rivers, General, 2 Plinths, 355 Polnoon, 316 Pontefract, 187; siege of, 189 Pont y Stuffan, 283 Powys, 263-266 Prestatyn, 270 Preston Capes, 190 Pretorium, 72 Prisons in castles, 359 Private castles, 21, 68 Pudsey, Bishop, 173 Quatbridge, 58 Quatford, 191 Quincy, De, family, 318 Radnor, 292 Rainald the Sheriff, 263 Rapes of Sussex, 299 Rathceltchair, 336 Raths in Ireland, 325, 327 Rathwire, 344 Ratouth, 344 Rayleigh, 191 Reading, 54 Redcastle, Lunan Bay, 309 Reginald's Tower, 347, 348 Remni, 297 Renfrew, 313 Retford, 55 Rhaidr Gwy, 301 Rhé Island, motte on, 350 Rhuddlan, 257, 259 Rhyd y Gors, 275, 284 Rhys ap Griffith, 275, 287 Riccarton, 319 Richard Sans Peur, 76 Richard I., 370-372 Richard's Castle, 192 Richmond, 193 Robert Curthose, 110 Robert de Monte, 360 Robert, Earl of Gloucester, 110, 295 Robert Fitz Hamon, 277 Robert of Rhuddlan, 257 Roberton, 314 Rochester, 25, 49, 195 Rockingham, 201 Roger the Poitevin, 129, 183, 184 Rokerel, 345 Rollo, 76 Roscrea, 345 Rosemarkie, 322 Ross, 318 Rouen, 77 Runcorn, 38 Ruthin, 269 Ruthven, 311 Sanquhar, 318 Sarn Helen, 283 Saumur Castle, 75 Saxon fortifications, Chapters II., III., 29 Saxon royal seats, 151 _n._ 2, 235 Scergeat, 33 Sepulchral hillocks, 9; in Ireland, 327 Shaftesbury, 15 Shell keep, 99 Sheppey Isle, 54 Shoebury, 51 Shrewsbury, 207 Siege castles, 85 Siegfried the Dane, 75 Siward, Earl, 22 Skipsea, 209 Skreen, 345 Slane, 345 Somerville family, 318 Somner, antiquary, 117 Soulis family, 318 Stafford, 34, =211= Stamford, 44, =216= Stanton, 217 Stevenston, 315 Stewarton, 318 Swansea, 297 Symington, 315 Table of Boroughs, 26 Talgarth, 292 Tamworth, 34, =218= Tarbolton, 314 Tateshall, 187 Tempsford, 53 Tenby, 280 Terraces to mottes, 102 Thanet, 54 Thelwall, 46, 385 Thetford, 55, 56 Thibault-le-Tricheur, 74 Thingwall, 381 Thorne, 368 _n._ 3 Thurles, 346 Tibraghny, 346 Tickhill, 219 Tiles, use of, 255 Timahoe, 346 Tom-a-mhoid, 313 Tomen y Mur, 262 Tomen y Rhoddwy, 271, 272, 388 Tonbridge, 220 Toot Hill, 259 Topcliffe, 5 _n._ Torkesey, 55, 56 Totnes, 221 Towcester, 41 Tower of London, 221, 354, 355 Towers to castles, 71 Towns, fortification of, 65 Trade, 30 Trébuchet, 369 Trematon, 226 Tribalism, 64 Trim, 346, 377 Tristerdermot, 347 Tullow, 335, 389 Tutbury, 227 Tynboeth, 293 Tynemouth, 228 Tynwald Hill, 381 Typermesan, 347 Valoignes family, 318 Value of manors and towns, 96 Vaulting, 362, 365, 367, 374 Vaux family, 319