[37] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 942. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has three words for fortifications, _burh_, _faesten_, and _geweorc_. Burh is always used for those of Edward and Ethelfleda, faesten (fastness) or geweorc (work) for those of the Danes. [38] See the illustrations in Wright, _History of Domestic Manners_. [39] _Bury_ is formed from _byrig_, the dative of _burh_. [40] Professor Maitland observed: "To say nothing of hamlets, we have full 250 parishes whose names end in burgh, bury, or borough, and in many cases we see no sign in them of an ancient camp or of an exceptionally dense population." _Domesday Book and Beyond_, 184. [41] Schmid, _Gesetze der Angelsachsen_, pp. 176, 214, 372. It is not absolutely certain that the _burh_ in these three cases does not mean a town. [42] Schmid, 138. Professor Maitland says: "In Athelstan's day it seems to be supposed by the legislator that a _moot_ will usually be held in a _burh_. If a man neglect three summonses to a moot, the oldest men of the _burh_ are to ride to his place and seize his goods." _Domesday Book and Beyond_, 185. "All my reeves," are mentioned in the Preface to _Athelstan's Laws_, Schmid, 126. [43] Schmid, 138. "Butan porte" is the Saxon expression, _port_ being another word for town; see Schmid, 643. [44] Schmid, Edgar III., 5; Ethelred II., 6. [45] Edgar IV., 2. [46] The writer was first led to doubt the correctness of the late Mr G. T. Clark's theory of burhs by examining the A.-S. illustrated MSS. in the British Museum. On p. 29 of the MS. of _Prudentius_ (Cleopatra, c. viii.), there is an excellent drawing of a four-sided enclosure, with towers at the angles, and battlemented walls of masonry. The title of the picture is "Virtutes urbem ingrediuntur," and _urbem_ is rendered in the A.-S. gloss as _burh_. See Fig. 2. [47] Florence translates _burh_ as _urbs_ nineteen times, as _arx_ four times, as _murum_ once, as _munitio_ once, as _civitas_ once. [48] Published in 1884, but comprising a number of papers read to various archæological societies through many previous years, during which Mr Clark's reputation as an archæologist appears to have been made. [49] "Eallum thæm folc to gebeorge." Birch's _Cartularium_, ii., 222. [50] Professor Maitland has claimed that the origin of the boroughs was largely military, the duty of maintaining the walls of the county borough being incumbent on the magnates of the shire. _Domesday Book and Beyond_, 189. See Appendix C. [51] Parker's _Domestic Architecture in England from Richard II. to Henry VIII._, part ii., 256. [52] _A.-S. C._, 1048. [53] _William of Jumièges_, vii.-xvii. [54] _A.-S. C._ (Peterborough), 1048. [55] _A.-S. C._, 1052 (Worcester). This castle is generally supposed to be Richard's Castle, Herefordshire, built by Richard Scrob; but I see no reason why it should not be Hereford, as the Norman Ralph, King Edward's nephew, was Earl of Hereford. We shall return to these castles later.