MANCHESTER.--The _burh_ repaired by Edward the Elder was no doubt the Roman castrum, which was built on the triangle of land between the Irwell and the Medlock. Large portions of the walls were still remaining in Stukeley's time, about 1700, and some fragments have recently been unearthed by the Manchester Classical Association. It was one of the smaller kind of Roman stations, its area being only 5 acres. Manchester is not mentioned as a borough in Domesday, but the old Saxon town was long known as Aldportton, which literally means "the town of the old city." This is its title in mediæval deeds, and it is still preserved in _Alport_ Street, a street near the remains of the _castrum_.[114] The later borough of Manchester, which existed at least as early as the 13th century, appears to have grown up round the Norman castle, about a mile from the Roman castrum.[115] BAKEWELL.--The vagueness of the indication in the _Chronicle_, "nigh to Bakewell," leaves us in some doubt where we are to look for this _burh_, which Florence calls an _urbs_. Just outside the village of Bakewell there are the remains of a motte and bailey castle (a small motte and bailey of 2 acres), which are always assumed to be the _burh_ of Edward. But the enclosure is far too small for a borough, and Edward's burh would certainly have enclosed the church; for though the present church contains no Saxon architecture, the ancient cross in the graveyard shows that it stands on a Saxon site. It is more reasonable to suppose that Edward's borough, if it was at Bakewell, has disappeared as completely as those of Runcorn, Buckingham, and Thelwall, and that the motte and bailey belong to one of the many Norman castles whose names never appear in history. There is no conclusive evidence for the existence of a Norman castle at Bakewell, but the names Castle Field, Warden Field, and Court Yard are at least suggestive.[116] Bakewell was the seat of jurisdiction for the High Peak Hundred in mediæval times.[117] CHAPTER IV DANISH FORTIFICATIONS We must now inquire into the nature of the fortifications built by the Danes in England, which are frequently mentioned in the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_. It has often been asserted, and with great confidence, that the Danes were the authors of the moated mounds of class(_e_); those in Ireland are invariably spoken of by Lewis in his _Topographical Dictionary_ as "Danish Raths." This fancy seems to have gone somewhat out of fashion since Mr Clark's _burh_ theory occupied the field, though Mr Clark's view is often so loosely expressed as to lead one to think that he supposed all the Northern nations to be makers of mottes; in fact, he frequently includes the Anglo-Saxons under the general title of "Northmen"![118] We must therefore endeavour to find out what the Danish fortifications actually were.