The Earth's BeginningBall, Robert S. (Robert Stawell)
Science
The Earth's Beginning
Ball, Robert S. (Robert Stawell)
Krakatoa (Indonesia); Nebular hypothesis
The primæval nebula may be regarded as chaotic in its earliest stages;
perhaps it was like the nebulous wisps in Fig. 51. It was chaotic in the
arrangement of the material of which it is formed, and in the movements
of that material. Before a disorganised nebula can become evolved into a
nebula with any definite form like that in Fig. 52, or into anything
resembling a solar system, an immense period of time must elapse, and
during that time the operation of the laws of dynamics gradually
impresses certain well-marked features on the nebula, and disposes it to
assume an orderly form. We have explained that no matter how the nebula
originated, or no matter what may have been the irregularities in its
extent or distribution, and no matter how diverse may have been the
agitations of its various parts, the principles of dynamics assure us
that each such nebula must, for all time, stand in some special relation
to a certain particular plane. The moment of momentum which the nebula
has with respect to this plane, exceeds the moment of momentum that it
has with respect to any other plane. We have pointed out how,
notwithstanding the vicissitudes and transformations to which, in the
course of illimitable ages, the nebula must submit, its moment of
momentum relatively to this plane will remain absolutely unaltered. We
have shown how the energy of the nebula becomes gradually exhausted. The
collisions between various particles, the frictions that will
necessarily arise, and the actions which we may sufficiently describe by
saying that they are of a tidal character, will all result in the
transformation of energy into heat. This heat is radiated away and lost,
and there is a corresponding decline in the energy of the system. To
preserve its moment of momentum unaltered in the course of ages,
notwithstanding the continuous reduction of energy, the materials of the
nebula will ever find themselves more and more approximating to the
plane, and will ever find themselves more and more compelled to revolve
in the same direction. If the original size of the nebula be compared
with the area of the Atlantic Ocean, the condensed form which the nebula
may ultimately assume may be no larger than a coral island. If the nett
moment of momentum, diffused over the space as large as the ocean, has
still to be preserved in the space as large as the island, we need not
be surprised that the spin of the system in its condensed form is its
dominating characteristic.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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