Dundrennan Abbey, Kirkcudbrightshire, 388 Jedburgh Abbey, Roxburghshire, 398 Kinloss Abbey, Morayshire, 416 The Nunnery, Iona, Argyleshire, 421 St. Nicholas’, Aberdeen, 426 Coldingham Priory, Berwickshire, 437 Dryburgh Abbey, Do., 448 Airth Church, Stirlingshire, 465 Lasswade Church, Mid-Lothian, 471 Bathgate Church, Linlithgowshire, 474 THE ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND FROM THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN TIMES TO THE REFORMATION. INTRODUCTION. Among the various branches of Mediæval Art in Europe, the Church Architecture of Scotland fills an interesting and valuable place. This country cannot claim to have originated a new style in the sense in which the Ile de France gave birth to pointed Gothic, but it can show a continuous series of Christian structures, beginning with the primitive cells and oratories of the early Anchorites, and extending through all the periods of Mediæval Art. Two distinct phases of artistic development are exemplified in the History of Scotland--the first comprises the rise and decline of Celtic Art in early Christian times, and the second is allied to the various stages of general European culture. Of the former period abundant illustrations exist in the almost prehistoric examples of Celtic structures of early Christian recluses, together with specimens of round towers and innumerable sculptured memorials and crosses, somewhat similar to those found in Ireland. These indicate the intimate connection which formerly existed with that country, whence Scotland derived her name, as well as her early instruction in religion. The round towers and sculptured monuments are followed by primitive examples of Norman work, pointing to the direction from which the later phases of religious and artistic development in the country took their origin. The Saxon and Norman influence of the eleventh century produced a complete revolution in the artistic elements of the country, and led to a full development of the Romanesque or Norman style of architecture--a style similar to the round arched architecture of other countries of Europe in the twelfth century. Of this new departure the signs are still visible in the numerous remains of Norman structures which are spread over the country. These consist chiefly of small parish churches, but they also include some large and elaborate buildings, almost entirely monastic, and one cathedral.