[1]_The American Ecclesiastical Review_, XXXVII (1907), 497-503, carried an article by Joseph J. Murphy under the title, “Pontifical Decorations,” as they were reorganized by Pope Pius X. In the same volume (pp. 324-26) a correspondent criticized the Pope for being “exceedingly lavish in his bestowal” of knighthood and other such honors and he felt that the spirit of a republican community “is entirely against their bestowal.” Three years later (“Roman Curial Honors and American Republican Sentiment,” _AER_, XLII [1910], 341-44), another (or the same?) correspondent expressed the conviction that the Papal appointments to “knights, marquises, monsignori and the like ... are entirely out of place in America and even contrary to the spirit of our people, if not also to the letter of the Constitution.” In both cases the editor’s equivocal comment left no doubt that he wished to run with the hares and hold with the hounds, and his statement that “such decorations as go with these titles are of much the same character as the secret society emblems and titles used in our numerous American fraternities” was, if not startling, at least amusing. [2]Pio Paschini, “Ordini Equestri,” _Enciclopedia Cattolica_, IX, col. 252. [3]Cf. Wm. F. Stadelman, “The Royal Order of the Saint Esprit” (_AER_, LIV [1916], 641-61). There was an older Order of the Holy Ghost, established in Naples in 1352 by Louis of Taranto, but it hardly survived the death of its founder. Cf. Stadelman, “The Knights of the Holy Ghost of the Good Intention” (_AER_, LIV [1914], 652-69). [4]F. Giraud, _Le Bienheureux Gérard_ (Aix, 1919); Carlo Guarmani, _Gli Italiani in Terra Santa, reminiscenze e ricerche storiche_ (Bologna, 1872), pp. 28-29. E. J. King, _The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land_ (London: Methuen, 1939, p. 20), says that the theory that Gerard’s surname was Tonce or that he hailed from Tonco is based on “the error of some copyist of a Latin text, who seeing the words ‘Gerardus tunc’ mistook the adverb for a surname.” [5]See C. Fedeli, _L’ordine di Malta e le scienze mediche_ (Pisa, 1913); Hans Karl von Zwehl, _Ueber die Caritas im Johanniter-Malteser Orden seit seiner Gründung_ (Essen: Fredebeul und Koenen, 1929); Edgar Erskine Hume, _Medieval Work of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem_ (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1940). [6]For a description of the provincial organization of the Hospitallers see Elizabeth Wheeler Schermerhorn, _On the Trail of the Eight-pointed Cross_ (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1940). [7]A. Bosio, _Les vies des Saints de l’Ordre de St. Jean de Jéruzalem_ (Paris: Baudoin, 1631); Mathieu de Goussancourt, _Martyrologe des Chevaliers de St. Jean, dits de Malte_, 2 vols. (Paris: F. Noel, 1643).