Magnetites containing titanium, which prevents their use at the present time, are known in many parts of the world as segregations in basic igneous rocks. They are actually parts of the igneous rock itself (p. 34). Among the large deposits of this nature are certain titaniferous ores of the Adirondacks, of Wyoming, and of the Scandinavian peninsula. In all of these cases, it is clear that the origin of the ores is in some way related to igneous processes, and presumably most of the ores are deposited from the primary hot solutions accompanying and following the intrusion of the igneous rocks; but thus far it has been difficult to find definite and positive evidence as to the precise processes involved. None of these deposits have undergone any important secondary enrichment at the surface. Their sizes, shapes, and distribution are governed by conditions of igneous intrusion, more or less modified, as in the Adirondacks, by later deformation. =Iron ores due to weathering of igneous rocks.= A small part of the world's iron ores, less than 1 per cent of the total production, are the result of surface alteration of serpentine rocks. These ores are mined principally in Cuba (Fig. 12). Here they have been developed on a plateau-like area on which erosion is sluggish. The process of formation has been one of oxidation of the iron minerals and leaching of most of the other constituents, leaving the iron concentrated near the surface in blanket-like deposits. The minerals of the original rock contained alumina, which, like the iron, is insoluble under weathering conditions, and hence the Cuban iron ores are high in alumina. They also contain small quantities of nickel and chromium which have been concentrated with the iron. A large part of the iron minerals, especially where close to the surface, have been gathered into small shot-like nodules called _pisolites_. It is thought that the solution and redeposition of the iron by organic acids from plant roots may be at least a contributing cause in the formation of this pisolitic texture. [Illustration: FIG. 12. Representing in terms of weight the mineralogical changes in the katamorphism of serpentine rock to iron ore, on the assumption that alumina has remained constant, eastern Cuba.] The Cuban iron ores are similar in their origin to _laterites_, which are surface accumulations of clay, bauxite, and iron oxide minerals, resulting from the weathering of iron-bearing, commonly igneous, rocks. The typical laterites carry more clay and bauxite than the Cuban iron ores, but this is due merely to the fact that the original rocks commonly carry more materials which weather to clay. In fact the Cuban iron ores are themselves, broadly speaking, laterites.