=Iron ores due to weathering of sulphide ores.= A relatively minute portion of the world's iron ore comes from the "gossans" or "iron caps" over deposits of iron sulphides. The gossans are formed by oxidation and leaching of other minerals from the deposits, leaving limonite or hematite in concentrated masses (see pp. 46-47). MANGANESE ORES ECONOMIC FEATURES Manganese ores are used mainly in the manufacture of steel, the alloys spiegeleisen and ferromanganese being added to the molten steel after treatment in the Bessemer converter and open-hearth furnace in order to recarburize and purify the metal. The alloy ferromanganese is also used in the production of special manganese steels. Manganese ore is used in relatively small amounts in dry batteries, in the manufacture of manganese chemicals, in glass making, and in pigments. Steel uses 95 per cent of the total manganese consumed, batteries and chemicals 5 per cent. On an average each ton of steel in the United States requires 14 pounds of metallic manganese, equivalent to 40 pounds of manganese ore. With manganese ores, as with iron ores, the percentage of minor constituents,--phosphorus, silica, sulphur, etc.,--determines to a large extent the manner of use. Low-grade manganese ores, ranging from 10 to 35 per cent in manganese, 20 to 35 per cent in iron, and containing less than 20 per cent of silica, are used mainly in the production of the low-grade iron-manganese alloy called _spiegeleisen_ or _spiegel_ (16 to 32 per cent manganese). The higher-grade ores, ranging from 35 to 55 per cent in manganese, are used mainly in the production of the high-grade alloy called _ferromanganese_ or _ferro_, in which the manganese constitutes 65 to 80 per cent of the total. To a very limited extent manganese is smelted directly with iron ores, thus lessening the amount to be introduced in the form of alloys; this, however, is regarded as wasteful use of manganese, since its effectiveness as so used is not very great. Steel makers usually prefer to introduce manganese in the form of ferromanganese rather than as spiegel. On the other hand, the ores of the United States as a whole are better adapted to the manufacture of spiegel. With the shutting off of foreign high-grade supplies during the war, resulting in the increased use of local ores, it became necessary to use larger amounts of the spiegel which could be made from these ores. Metallurgists stated that it was theoretically possible to substitute spiegel for the higher grade alloy up to 70 per cent of the total manganese requirement, but in actual practice this substitution did not get much beyond 18 per cent.