VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINES 329 Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in valuation 329 Values of mineral deposits not often established by market transfers 331 The ad valorem method of valuation 331 Other methods of mineral valuation and taxation 335 GENERAL COMMENTS ON TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES 338 CHAPTER XVI. LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL RESOURCES 342 I. LAWS RELATING TO OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES 342 On alienated lands 343 On the public domain 344 Nationalization of mineral resources 345 Effect of ownership laws on exploration 347 Use of geology in relation to ownership laws 349 II. LAWS RELATING TO EXTRACTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES 355 III. LAWS RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES 355 IV. OTHER RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY TO LAW 356 CHAPTER XVII. CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES 359 THE PROBLEM 359 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC EFFORTS IN CONSERVATION 363 THE INTEREST RATE AS A GUIDE IN CONSERVATION 364 ANTI-CONSERVATIONAL EFFECTS OF WAR 365 CONSERVATION OF COAL 366 MEASURES INTRODUCED OR PROPOSED TO CONSERVE COAL 367 (A) Mining and preparation of coal 368 Progress in above methods 370 (B) Improvement of labor and living conditions at the mines 372 (C) Introduction or modification of laws to regulate or to remove certain restrictions on the coal industry 373 (D) Distribution and transportation of coal 376 (E) Utilization of coal 377 (F) Substitutes for coal as a source of power 378 DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE INTERESTS IN THE CONSERVATION OF COAL 379 CONSERVATION OF MINERALS OTHER THAN COAL 382 CHAPTER XVIII. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF MINERAL RESOURCES 383