[14] Montgomery, _Practical Detail of the Cotton Manufacture of the United States_, 1840, pp. 173-174. [15] Montgomery, _op. cit._ [16] _Massachusetts House Document_, no. 50, 1845, p. 3. [17] Quoted in the _Voice of Industry_, a labor paper published in Lowell, Nov. 28, 1845. [18] _New York Sun_, Dec. 3, 1877. [19] _Lynn Record_, Jan. 1, 8, March 12, 1834. [20] _The American Workman_, Boston, Aug. 7, 1869; _Workingman’s Advocate_, Chicago, April 28, 1866; _The Revolution_, N. Y., Oct. 8, 1868. [21] Carey’s _Select Excerpta_, Vol. 4, pp. 11-12. [22] _Baltimore Republican_, Oct. 2, 1833. [23] _Peoples’ Paper_, Cincinnati, Sept. 22, Oct. 6, 1844. [24] _New York Daily Tribune_, July 31, Sept. 11, 1851; June 8, 1853. [25] _Mechanics’ Free Press_, Phila., Jan. 17, 1829; _New York American_, Jan. 5, 1829; _National Gazette_, Phila., Jan. 7, 1829. [26] Baxter, C. H., _History of the Fall River Strike_, 1875. [27] _Voice of Industry_, Feb. 20, 1846. [28] Gray, _Argument on Petition for Ten-Hour Law_, 1873, pp. 21-22. [29] In that year it was said that a man and two women working together from twelve to sixteen hours a day earned a dollar among them, and that the women, if they did not belong to the family, received each about $1.25 a week for their work. _Workingman’s Advocate_, July 27, 1844. CHANGES IN WOMEN’S WORK IN BINDERIES[30] MARY VAN KLEECK Committee on Women’s Work, New York City “Bookbinding is a very uncertain trade,” said a forewoman who had held her position fourteen years; “I wouldn’t advise any young girl to go into it. There is so much machinery now. Where a girl used to make eight or nine dollars, she now makes five or six, and that’s not a living. Also you never know when you’ll be laid off. Take the magazine binderies. They don’t keep the girls a full month. Ten days is their month. Twelve days is a long month. It’s a bad arrangement to do thirty days’ work in twelve. You have to pay board every week.” Remarks like these were made by many girls employed in the bookbinding trade in New York. For the most part they did not see reasons or remedies for the conditions which they faced, but by daily experience they had learned this fact of change as it appeared in numerous guises, irregular employment, irregular hours, hit-or-miss methods of learning, cuts in wages, and the displacement of workers by the coming of machines. If their impressions be correct, more important than any photographic description of their economic position, regarded as a static thing, is an account of changes in conditions and their effect on women workers.