The Economics of the Russian VillageHourwich, Isaac A. (Isaac Aaronovich)
History
The Economics of the Russian Village
Hourwich, Isaac A. (Isaac Aaronovich)
Agricultural laborers -- Russia; Land tenure -- Russia; Mir; Peasants; Thesis (Ph. D.)
_Householders._ _Number._ _Per cent._
Total allotted 187 100
Vote required for redivision 125 66⅔
Indifferent to redivision (horseless, leasing their lots) 44 23
Opposition sufficient to stay the same 18 10
Having 2 horses or more 36 20
(_Loc. cit._, pp. 130, 131.)
4. Village Kunakovo, b. Zmievskaya, Dankoff, “The peasants live in
great poverty. Redivision is talked about; it is much checkmated by the
fact that many among the householders are permanently living outside.”
(_Loc. cit._, p. 254.)
Out of the 28 householders holding a share in the communal land, 11
lease their lots _in toto_; 9 among them have no houses in the village;
23 adult males are working outside.
After deduction of the 11 lessors above mentioned, who obviously do not
live in the village, the remaining 17 are insufficient for a majority
even in case of unanimity. Yet they are divided as follows:
_Householders._ _Personally._ _By hire._ _In all._
Tilling their lots--
Total 9 2 11
In part (the rest leased) 2 4 6
-- -- --
11 6 17
Nine workers among these are moreover employed outside. (_Ib._, pp.
128-132.)
If there is no antagonism to the redivision, then indifference on the
part of some is but natural.
5. Village Sergievskoye, Ranenburg, “Most of the ‘horseless’ half of
the village are working exclusively outside. A good many are in arrears
for taxes. Their lots are taken from them by the community and given
to the wealthiest householders. This tends greatly to still further
enrich the few at the expense of the many. In 1863 about one sixth of
the bailiwick (300 ‘revision males’) emigrated to the _gubernia_ of
Stavropol, Caucasus, leaving their lots to the community. The land was
distributed among the best-situated householders. All of the emigrants,
save 15 families, have now come back, but the _mir_ refuses to return
their lots. This is the case with the emigrants in all the communities
of the district. It is very difficult to settle the matter of the
redivision, for the people are always away at work, and the redivision
is opposed by the most influential householders, who keep in their
hands the lots of the former emigrants and delinquent tax-payers.”
(_Loc. cit._, part I., p. 305,)
These are the figures connected with the above statement:
_Per cent._
Horseless 54
Outside workers 56
(_Ibid._, pp. 116-120.)
Apart from the opposition of the lessees, it is hardly ever possible to
get even a simple majority to vote upon the redivision.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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