[173] _Cf._ _Le commerce de grains dans l’Amérique du Nord_, par Paul Lafargue. [174] The inference is drawn from the figures below: _Estates with large agriculture._ _Number._ _Average. _To 1 plough. Dessiatines._ Dessiatines._ Property of the nobility: Estates with ploughs 54 1044 91 Estates without ploughs 79 428 .. Property of the capitalist class: Estates with ploughs 20 520 93 Estates without ploughs 47 191 .. With the nobility the average estate tilled exclusively with the peasant _sohá_ is more than twice as large as the corresponding average with the capitalist class. On the other hand, the capitalist provides his farm with ploughs when the same is only half as large as that on which the noble could afford to have improved implements. [175] The following is a synopsis of the results of the above comparison between capitalist ownership of land and property of the nobility: +--------------+--------------------+--------------+--------------------+ | | Average | | Average | | | estate | | estate | | | (dessiatines). | | (dessiatines). | | Negative +----------+---------+ Positive +----------+---------+ | qualifi- | |Property | qualifi- | |Property | | cations. |Capitalist| of the | cations. |Capitalist| of the | | | property.|nobility.| | property.|nobility.| +--------------+----------+---------+--------------+----------+---------+ |Small tenure | 128 | 273 |Large farming | 289 | 734 | | exclusively | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tilled by | 108 | 233 |Proletarian | 351 | 783 | | farmers only | | | labor | | | | | | | employed | | | | | | | | | | |No fertilizing| 138 | 280 |Fertilizing | 363 | 816 | | | | | | | | |Tilled with | 138 | 326 |Working horses| 326 | 896 | | the peasant’s| | | raised | | | | stock | | | | | | | | | | | | | |No wheat | 197 | 501 |Wheat grown | 478 | 898 | | | | | | | |