In short, the effects of the scarcity of land are summed up in the lack of animal power, which is no unimportant drawback to agricultural progress, and in the predatory character of the peasant farming. This can be easily figured from the yields of rye and oats, the principal crops raised by the peasantry[34]: +---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | | Yield Per Acre. | | Countries. +---------------------+---------------------+ | | Rye. | Oats. | +---------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+ | | Bushels. | Per Cent.| Bushels. | Per Cent.| |_Russia_,[35] District of | | | | | | Ostrogozhsk, _Gubernia_ | | | | | | of Voronezh, average for | | | | | | 10 years (1877-1886) | =8.9= | =100= | =10.7= | =100= | |United States, average for | | | | | | 10 years (1880-1889) | 11.9 | 134 | 26.6 | 249 | |Ontario, Canada (1889-1890)| 15.5 | 174 | 30.7 | 287 | |Great Britain (1889-1890) | | | 40.3 | 377 | |France (1888-1889) | 16.1 | 181 | 26.1 | 244 | |Germany (1890) | 14.7 | 165 | 30.1 | 287 | |Austria (1889) | 14.5 | 163 | 17.6 | 164 | |Hungary (1889) | 13.8 | 155 | 17.4 | 163 | +---------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+ Unless the small productivity of agriculture is made up for by the size of the farm, the balance must needs close with a deficit. This is exactly what has been stated in figures by the statistical investigation of the _gubernia_ of Voronezh, where balances of all moneys received and expended were made out by the statisticians for each one of the registered families. The results are shown in the following table:[36] -------------+------+---------+---------------------------+----------- | |Receipts | Expenses (rubles). | | |from +---------+-------+---------+----------- Districts |House-|sale of |Consump- | Rent | Total |Deficit[37] |holds.|produce |tion | | |(rubles) | |(rubles) | | | | -------------+------+---------+---------+-------+---------+----------- Zadonsk |15,528| 390,178| 784,061|239,072|1,023,133| 632,955 Korotoyak |20,232|1,280,206|1,017,727|304,789|1,322,516| 42,310 Nizhnedevitzk|20,051|1,326,110|1,069,013|327,200|1,396,213| 70,103 -------------+------+---------+---------+-------+---------+-----------