I. Distribution of land among the several sections of the peasant population 166 I., _a._ Acreage of a peasant farm 167 II. Taxation of the peasantry 168 III. Arrears in taxes 169 IV. Distribution of rented land: _A._--With regard to ownership in land; _B._--With regard to stock-breeding 170 V. Budgets of typical peasant households 171 VI. Wages of the peasant in industrial employment: _A._--Local; _B._--Outside 180 VII. Average yields of wheat 182 INTRODUCTION. THE RISE OF “PEASANTISM.” The awful famine which has lately been raging over an area as large as the territory of the _Dreibund_, and inhabited by a population as numerous as that of the “allied Republic,” has called the attention of the whole civilized world to the condition of the starving Russian peasant. A movement has been set on foot in this country to relieve the hard need of the sufferers. This has induced me to think that it would perhaps not be without some interest for the American student of economics to cast a glance at the rural conditions which have finally resulted in that tremendous calamity. I felt bound to improve the opportunity of having been educated in Russia, by introducing the American reader to some one portion of the vast Russian economic literature which, because of the language, remains as yet completely unknown to the scientific world at large. Russians by education, though not by ethnical descent, who, in spite of having identified themselves with the cause of the Russian people, are now denied the honorable title of “Russian,” may find consolation in the fact that the first investigator of Russian history (Schlözer), the first grammarian who scientifically elaborated the laws of Russian grammar, our Brown (Vostokoff = von Osteneck), the best, if not the first Russian lexicographer, our Webster (Dahl), and finally the man who, it may be said, discovered for the Russian public the Russian village community, the _mir_ (Freiherr August von Haxthausen), were all of foreign birth.