Where lack of water, or the necessity of a way through the landlord’s estate, has been artificially created by the reform, it is obviously the community as a whole that must contract the agreement. In so far, however, as rented pasture is concerned, the usual communistic rule is put on trial by the growing inequalities that have arisen in the business of stock breeding within the village community. About one fourth of the community is composed of the poorest families, who own no horses, and oftentimes no cattle at all.[53] It is obvious that whenever the use of a pasture is rented for horses or cows, a not inconsiderable part of the community is practically excluded from the agreement. The assessment of the obligation in proportion to the shares held by the several householders in the communal land would be unjust to the poorest part of the community. Another basis for the distribution is found, in many instances, in the number of heads of cattle belonging to each householder, _i. e._ outside of the province of agrarian communism; the poor are thus released from the burden of payments. But, on the other hand, the community becomes virtually the voluntary partnership of its wealthier members. The economic tendency of the time is shown by the following figures:[54] +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+-------+ | | Rented pasture. | Total | | +------------------------+------+ in | | Party of the renter. | In consideration of | | class | | +------+------+----------+ | and | | |Labor.|Money.|Mixed.[55]|Total.|region.| +-------------------------------+------+------+----------+------+-------+ | _Former State peasants._ | | | | | | |1. Community | | 1 | | 1 | | |2. Individuals | | | 1 | 1 | | +-------------------------------+------+------+----------+------+ | | All to former State peasants| | 1 | 1 | 2 | 91 | | | | | | | | | _Former serfs._ | | | | | | |1. Community | 93 | 22 | 8 | 123 | | |2. Community, obligation | | | | | | | discharged _per_ | 12 | 14 | | 26 | | | head of stock | | | | | | |3. Community, beside individuals | | 3 | 3 | | |4. Partnerships and individuals| | 1 | 1 | 2 | | +-------------------------------+------+------+----------+------+ | | All to former serfs | 105 | 37 | 12 | 154 | 562 |