THE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN. BY JOSEPHINE E. BUTLER. =London:= MACMILLAN AND CO. 1868. LIVERPOOL: T. BRAKELL, PRINTER, COOK STREET. THE EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN. The economical position of women is one of those subjects on which there exists a “conspiracy of silence.” While most people, perhaps, imagine that nearly all women marry and are supported by their husbands, those who know better how women live, or die, have rarely anything to say on the subject. Such social problems as this are certainly painful; they may or may not be insoluble; they must not be ignored. The phrase “to become a governess” is sometimes used as if it were a satisfactory outlet for any unsupported woman above the rank of housemaid. When we see advertisements in the newspapers, offering “a comfortable home,” with no salary, as a sufficient reward for accomplishments of the most varied character, we sometimes wonder at the audacity of employers; but when we learn that such an advertisement, offering the situation of nursery governess, _unpaid_, was answered by _three hundred women_, our surprise has in it something of despair. The truth is, that the facts of society have changed more rapidly than its conventions. Formerly muscles did the business of the world, and the weak were protected by the strong; now brains do the business of the world, and the weak are protected by law. The industrial disabilities of women, unavoidable under the earlier _régime_, have become cruel under the later. There is neither the old necessity of shelter, nor the old certainty of support. The census of 1861 gave nearly six millions of adult English women, distributed as follows:— Wives 3,488,952 Widows 756,717 Spinsters over 20 1,537,314 ————————— 5,782,983 The census also gives the numbers of women who work for their own subsistence, as follows:— Wives 838,856 Widows 487,575 Spinsters (above or under 20) 2,110,318 ————————— 3,436,749