most large towns and cities of the North. [Footnote 1: In 1827 John B. Russworm and Samuel B. Cornish began the publication of _The Freedom's Journal_, appearing afterward as _Rights to All_. Ten years later P.A. Bell was publishing _The Weekly Advocate_. From 1837 to 1842 Bell and Cornish edited _The Colored Man's Journal_, while Samuel Ruggles sent from his press _The Mirror of Liberty_. In 1847, one year after the appearance of Thomas Van Rensselaer's _Ram's Horn_, Frederick Douglass started _The North Star_ at Rochester, while G. Allen and Highland Garnett were appealing to the country through _The National Watchman_ of Troy, New York. That same year Martin R. Delany brought out _The Pittsburg Mystery_, and others _The Elevator_ at Albany, New York. At Syracuse appeared The _Impartial Citizen_ established by Samuel R. Ward in 1848, three years after which L.H. Putnam came before the public in New York City with _The Colored Man's Journal_. Then came _The Philadelphia Freeman_, _The Philadelphia Citizen_, _The New York Phalanx_, _The Baltimore Elevator_, and _The Cincinnati Central Star_. Of a higher order was _he Anglo-African_, a magazine published in New York in 1859 by Thomas Hamilton, who was succeeded in editorship by Robert Hamilton and Highland Garnett. In 1852 there were in existence _The Colored American_, _The Struggler_, _The Watchman_, _The Ram's Horn_, _The Demosthenian Shield_, _The National Reformer_, _The Pittsburg Mystery_, _The Palladium of Liberty_, _The Disfranchised American_, _The Colored Citizen_, _The National Watchman_, _The Excelsior_, _The Christian Herald_, _The Farmer_, _The Impartial Citizen_, _The Northern Star_ of Albany, and The _North Star_ of Rochester.] CHAPTER XII VOCATIONAL TRAINING Having before them striking examples of highly educated colored men who could find no employment in the United States, the free Negroes began to realize that their preparation was not going hand in hand with their opportunities. Industrial education was then emphasized as the proper method of equipping the race for usefulness. The advocacy of such training, however, was in no sense new. The early anti-slavery men regarded it as the prerequisite to emancipation, and the abolitionists urged it as the only safe means of elevating the freedmen. But when the blacks, converted to this doctrine, began to enter the higher pursuits of labor during the forties and fifties, there started a struggle which has been prolonged even into our day. Most northern white men had ceased to oppose the enlightenment of the free people of color but still objected to granting them economic equality. The same investigators that discovered increased facilities of conventional education for Negroes in 1834 reported also that there existed among the white mechanics a formidable prejudice against colored artisans.[1] [Footnote 1: _Minutes of the Fourth Annual Convention for the Improvement of the Free People of Color_, p. 26.]