Produced by Turgut Dincer, John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book. The change noted in the ERRATUM has been applied to the etext. Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book. ELEMENTS OF CHILD-PROTECTION THE ELEMENTS OF CHILD-PROTECTION BY SIGMUND ENGEL DOCTOR OF LAWS AND OF POLITICS; OFFICIAL GUARDIAN AND ADVOCATE IN BUDA-PESTH TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY DR. EDEN PAUL NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1912 Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. At the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh PREFACE During the latter half of the nineteenth century, the importance of child-protection gained a far wider recognition. The nineteenth century has been well named “The Century of the Child.” But there are reasons no less cogent for describing this century as “The Century of Socialism,” or “The Century of Darwinism.” The intimate interdependence of child-protection with Socialism and with Darwinism must on no account be overlooked. It was my own assurance of this twofold interdependence which led me to undertake the study of the whole system of child-protection from the joint outlook of Socialism and of Darwinism. This book is an investigation of all the problems involved by child-protection from the standpoints of the modern socialist movement and of modern social science. My work makes no attempt to be either a “Philosophy of Child-Protection” or a “Handbook of Child-Protection.” For this reason it contains no definitions, it gives no history of child-protection, and attempts no detailed description of the institutions which exist for the purpose of child-protection in the various countries of the civilised world. In view of the almost incalculable bulk of the materials available in this field of study, I have been forced to content myself with a brief indication of my opinions in the various departments, without endeavouring to go into details. Obviously, therefore, those in need of detailed information will not find it in this book. My aim has rather been to effect a lucid presentation of all the problems of child-protection, than to attempt myself to supply the solution of all these problems. If I have been successful in formulating the main problems of my subject, and if at the same time my discussions and the data I have supplied, enable the reader to draw his own conclusions in each case, my aim has been adequately fulfilled. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE v GENERAL PART CHAPTER I CERTAIN POPULATION PROBLEMS