Understanding the punishable character of an offence, the capacity for, 221, 228 Unified school for all classes, 216 Unified system of laws for child-protection, 63, 64 United States of America, 53, 61, 89, 108, 172, 173, 196, 197, 201, 203, 208, 209, 215, 222, 223, 231, 232, 233, 235, 237, 238, 240, 246, 247, 265 Venereal diseases, 85, 251 Voluntary benevolent activities, 60, 61 -- workers, 65, 66 Wages, 158, 159, 160, 161, 166, 176, 213 Wards, property of, 108, 116 Warm chambers, 122 Welfare, schools of public, 66 Wet-nurses, resident and non-resident, 131 Wet-nursing of children, 126, 127, 130-132, 146-148 White slave traffic, 251, 260 Withdrawal of parental authority, 75, 76 Women, excess of, 13-15 Women’s labour and child-labour, 155-177 Workers, voluntary, 65, 66 Workhouse system, 145 Youth, criminality in, 217-242 THE END Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London FOOTNOTES: [1] In this work the term _infant_ is used to denote all children under one year of age; where reference has to be made to infancy in the _legal_ sense of a person under twenty-one years of age, the term _infant-at-law_ or _minor_ will be employed.--TRANSLATOR. [2] _Boards of Guardianship_.--This term is not used in the sense in which in England we speak of _Boards of Guardians_, to denote the _ad hoc_ local authorities which administer the English Poor Law, but to denote local committees which, in the continental system of child-protection, administer the functions for which the State is responsible in its capacity of “Over-Parent” (an expressive and convenient term we owe to Mr. H. G. Wells). Dr. Engel suggests _Court of Orphans_ or _Court of Wards_ as alternate English terms.--TRANSLATOR’S NOTE. [3] Unless and until humanity is able and willing to apply its intelligence to purposive racial improvement, by discouragement of the procreation of the less fit, and by encouragement of the procreation of the more fit--by an application, that is to say, of the principle of negative or restrictive eugenics, on the one hand, and the principle of positive or constructive eugenics, on the other.--TRANSLATOR’S NOTE. [4] _Krankenkassen._--These are the executive institutions for the administration of the medical benefits of the workmen’s insurance laws of Germany, and of other countries with laws based on the German model.--TRANSLATOR’S NOTE. [5] England lags behind the rest of the world in this matter.--TRANSLATOR. [6] This theory of the “born criminal” is associated chiefly with the name of Lombroso. See my translation of Kurella’s memoir, “Lombroso, his Life and Work,” London, 1911. Rebman.--TRANSLATOR’S NOTE. [7] Consult the chapter on “Women’s Labour and Child Labour.” TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE