The fossils of this system are a few shells, a small number of vegetable species, and in particular localities the remains of fishes in great abundance. The system is characterized principally by fossils of this last kind. The fishes of this system have a cartilaginous skeleton, but are covered with plates of bone, which were faced externally with enamel. The jaws, which consisted of solid bone, were not covered with integument. The exterior bony covering seems to have been the true skeleton, as is, in part, the case with the tortoise. In some of the fishes of this period there is a wing-like expansion on each side of the neck, which has given them the name of _Pterychthis_ (Fig. 17). In others, as the _Cephalaspis_, the plate of bone on the back is so large as to cover nearly the whole body, and make it resemble a trilobite (Fig. 18). This system has an extensive geographical range. In England, it occupies a band of several miles in width, extending from the Welsh border northward through Scotland to the Orkney Islands. In this country, it forms the Catskill Mountains, in New York, and extends south and west so as to underlie the coal-fields of Pennsylvania and Virginia. 3. _The Carboniferous System._--This system consists of three parts, distinguished by lithological and fossil characters. The _carboniferous limestone_ is a dark-colored, compact limestone, forming the base of the system, and reposing on the old red sandstone. Its thickness is from six hundred to one thousand feet, often with scarcely any intermixture of other rock; but it sometimes loses its character of a limestone, and becomes a sandstone, or conglomerate. It generally contains the ores of lead in considerable quantity, and from this circumstance has been called _metalliferous limestone_. In England it is the principal repository of these ores. In the Western States it is the upper portion of the lead-bearing strata. [Illustration: Fig. 17.] The fossils are marine, and very numerous. Corals and crinoidea are very abundant. The crinoidea, in some localities, form so large a part of the rock as to have given to it the name of encrinal limestone. The orthoceras and trilobite are found, but become extinct with this formation. Several species of bivalves, such as Delthyris and Leptæna, are also common. Next above the limestone lies the sandstone, sometimes called _millstone grit_. It is generally drab-colored, but occasionally red. Its thickness is often equal to that of the limestone. Sometimes it is fine-grained and compact; but generally it is coarse-grained, and often passes into a conglomerate. It contains but few fossils, and those of vegetable origin.