by us,’ he declared, ‘through the election of the princes from God alone, who gave the world to be ruled by the two necessary swords, and taught through St. Peter that men should fear God and honour the king. Whosoever says that we received the imperial crown from the lord Pope as a benefice goes against the Divine command and the teaching of Peter, and is guilty of falsehood.’ Early next year Adrian was forced to explain that he had used ‘beneficium’ in its general sense of ‘benefit’ and not in its feudal sense of ‘fief.’ A complete breach was thus prevented, but the ill-will still smouldered on and soon found a chance of bursting out again into flame. [Sidenote: Frederick’s Second Italian Journey, 1158–1162.] In July 1158 Frederick, at the head of a great army, crossed the Alps for the second time. ‘The arrogance of the Milanese,’ he declared, ‘has long caused them to raise their heads against the Roman Empire, and is now disturbing all Italy. We have therefore resolved to turn against them all the forces of the Empire.’ Lombardy was divided into two rival leagues, which bitterly hated each other. While Brescia, Crema, Parma, Piacenza, and Modena followed the league of Milan, Pavia headed a second confederacy, which included Lodi, Como, and Cremona, which fearing the power of Milan, gave its support to the Emperor. [Sidenote: Submission of the Lombard Towns.] After a fierce resistance Milan also made its submission, and promised to submit to the Emperor the ratification of the appointment of their consuls.