Hilpa Halp Hulpum Moeso-Gothic. Suillu Sual Suullum[^e]s Old High German. Hilfu Half Hulfum[^e]s Ditto. Tilfu Talf Tulfum[^e]s Ditto. Hilpe Halp Hulpun Middle High German. Dilbe Dalp Dulbun Ditto. Hilpe Halp Hulpon Ditto. Svell Svall Sullum Old Norse. Melte Mealt Multon Anglo-Saxon. Helpe Haelp Hulpon Ditto. Delfe Dealf Dulfon Ditto. 4. That a change between _a_ and _o_ took place by times. The Anglo-Saxon praeterite of _swelle_ is _sweoll_; whilst _ongon_, _bond_, _song_, _gelomp_, are found in the same language for _ongan_, _band_, _sang_, _gelamp_.--Rask's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 90. 5. That _run_ is only an apparent exception, the older form being _rinn_. The rain _rinns_ down through Merriland town; So doth it down the Pa.--_Old Ballad._ The Anglo-Saxon form is _yrnan_; in the praeterite _arn_, _urnon_. A transposition has since taken place. The word _run_ seems to have been originally no present, but a praeterite form. 6. That _burst_ is only an apparent exception. Before _r_, _[)e]_, _[)i]_, _[)u]_, are pronounced alike. We draw no distinction between the vowels in _pert_, _flirt_, _hurt_. The Anglo-Saxon forms are, _berste_, _byrst_, _baerse_, _burston_, _borsten_. _Thirteenth Class._ s. 376. Contains the single word _choose_, in the praeterite _chose_; in Anglo-Saxon, _ce['o]se_, _ce['a]s_. * * * * * {317} CHAPTER XXIV. THE WEAK TENSES. s. 377. The praeterite tense of the weak verbs is formed by the addition of _-d_ or _-t_. If necessary, the syllable _-ed_ is substituted for _-d_. The current statement that the syllable _-ed_, rather than the letter _-d_, is the sign of the praeterite tense, is true only in regard to the written language. In _stabbed_, _moved_, _bragged_, _whizzed_, _judged_, _filled_, _slurred_, _slammed_, _shunned_, _barred_, _strewed_, the _e_ is a point of spelling only. In _language_, except in declamation, there is no second vowel sound. The _-d_ comes in immediate contact with the final letter of the original word, and the number of syllables remains the same as it was before. When, however, the original word ends in _-d_ or _-t_, as _slight_ or _brand_, then, and then only (and that not always), is there the addition of the syllable _-ed_; as in _slighted_, _branded_. This is necessary, since the combinations _slightt_ and _brandd_ are unpronounceable. Whether the addition be _-d_ or _-t_ depends upon the flatness or sharpness of the preceding letter. After _b_, _v_, _th_ (as in _clothe_), _g_, or _z_, the addition is _-d_. This is a matter of necessity. We say _stabd_, _m[^o]vd_, _cl[^o]thd_, _braggd_, _whizzd_, because _stabt_, _m[^o]vt_, _clotht_, _braggt_, _whizzt_, are unpronounceable.