In Anglo-Saxon it differed in form from the praeterite, inasmuch as it ended in _-ed_, or _-t_, whereas the praeterite ended in _-ode_, _-de_, or _-te_: as, _lufode_, _baernde_, _dypte_, praeterites; _gelufod_, _baerned_, _dypt_, participles. As the ejection of the _e_ reduces words like _baerned_ and _baernde_ to the same form, it is easy to account for the present {353} identity of form between the weak praeterites and the participles in _-d_: _e. g._, _I moved_, _I have moved_, &c. s. 409. In the older writers, and in works written, like Thomson's Castle of Indolence, in imitation of them, we find prefixed to the praeterite participle the letter _y-_, as _yclept_=_called_: _yclad_=_clothed_: _ydrad_=_dreaded_. The following are the chief facts and the current opinion concerning this prefix:-- 1. It has grown out of the fuller forms _ge-_: Anglo-Saxon, _ge-_: Old Saxon, _gi-_: Moeso-Gothic, _ga-_: Old High German, _ka-_, _cha-_, _ga-_, _ki-_, _gi-_. 2. It occurs in each and all of the Germanic languages of the Gothic stock. 3. It occurs, with a few fragmentary exceptions, in none of the Scandinavian languages of the Gothic stock. 4. In Anglo-Saxon it occasionally indicates a difference of sense; as _h[^a]ten_=_called_, _ge_-h[^a]ten=_promised_, _boren_=_borne_, _ge_-boren=_born_. 5. It occurs in nouns as well as verbs. 6. Its power, in the case of nouns, is generally some idea of _association_, or _collection_.--Moeso-Gothic, _sinths_=_a journey_, _ga-sintha_=_a companion_; Old High German, _perc_=_hill_; _ki-perki_ (_ge-birge_)=_a range of hills_. 7. But it has also a _frequentative_ power; a frequentative power which is, in all probability, secondary to its collective power: since things which recur frequently recur with a tendency to collection or association; Middle High German, _ge-rassel_=_rustling_; _ge-rumpel_=_c-rumple_. 8. And it has also the power of expressing the possession of a quality. _Anglo-Saxon._ _English._ _Anglo-Saxon._ _Latin._ Feax _Hair_ _Ge_-feax _Comatus_. Heorte _Heart_ _Ge_-heort _Cordatus_. Stence _Odour_ _Ge_-stence _Odorus_. This power is also a collective, since every quality is associated with the object that possesses it: _a sea with waves_=_a wavy sea_. {354} 9. Hence it is probable that the _ga-_, _ki-_, or _gi-_, Gothic, is the _cum_ of Latin languages. Such is Grimm's view, as given in Deutsche Grammatik, i. 1016.