A _Better, worse._--Here the combination of sounds gives equally an adjective and an adverb. _This book is better than that_--here _better_ agrees with _book_, and is therefore adjectival. _This looks better than that_--here _better_ qualifies _looks_, and is therefore adverbial. Again; _to do a thing with violence_ is equivalent _to do a thing violently_. This shows how adverbs may arise out of cases. In words like the English _better_, the Latin _vi_=_violenter_, the Greek [Greek: kalon]=[Greek: kalos], we have {372} adjectives in their degrees, and substantives in their cases, with adverbial powers. In other words, nouns are deflected from their natural sense to an adverbial one. Adverbs of this kind are adverbs of deflection. B _Brightly, bravely._--Here an adjective is rendered adverbial by the addition of the derivative syllable _-ly_. Adverbs like _brightly_, &c., may (laxly speaking) be called adverbs of derivation. C _Now._--This word has not satisfactorily been shown to have originated as any other part of speech but as an adverb. Words of this sort are adverbs absolute. _When, now, well, worse, better._--here the adverbial expression consists in a single word, and is _simple_. _To-day_, _yesterday_, _not at all_, _somewhat_--here the adverbial expression consists of a compound word, or a phrase. This indicates the division of adverbs into simple and complex. s. 432. The adverbs of deflection (of the chief importance in etymology) may be arranged after a variety of principles. I. According to the part of speech from whence they originate. This is often an adjective, often a substantive, at times a pronoun, occasionally a preposition, rarely a verb. II. According to the part of the inflection from whence they originate. This is often an ablative case, often a neuter accusative, often a dative, occasionally a genitive. The following notices are miscellaneous rather than systematic. _Else, unawares, eftsoons._--These are the genitive forms of adjectives. _By rights_ is a word of the same sort. _Once, twice, thrice._--These are the genitive forms of numerals. _Needs_ (as in _needs must go_) is the genitive case of a substantive. _Seldom._--The old dative (singular or plural) of the adjective _seld_. _Whilom._--The dative (singular or plural) of the substantive _while_. _Little, less, well._--Neuter accusatives of adjectives. _Bright_, in the _sun shines bright_, is a word of the same class. The {373} neuter accusative is a common source of adverbs in all tongues. _Athwart._--A neuter accusative, and a word exhibiting the Norse neuter in _-t_.