s. 433. _Darkling._--This is no participle of a verb _darkle_, but an adverb of derivation, like _unwaringun_=_unawares_, Old High German; _stillinge_=_secretly_, Middle High German; _blindlings_=_blindly_, New High German; _darnungo_=_secretly_, Old Saxon; _nichtinge_=_by night_, Middle Dutch; _blindeling_=_blindly_, New Dutch; _baeclinga_=_backwards_, _handlunga_=_hand to hand_, Anglo-Saxon; and, finally, _blindlins_, _backlins_, _darklins_, _middlins_, _scantlins_, _stridelins_, _stowlins_, in Lowland Scotch.--Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 236. s. 434. "Adverbs like _brightly_ may (laxly speaking) be called adverbs of derivation." Such the assertion made a few paragraphs above. The first circumstance that strikes the reader is, that the termination _-ly_ is common both to adjectives and to adverbs. This termination was once an independent word, _viz._, _leik_. Now, as _-ly_ sprung out of the Anglo-Saxon _-lice_, and as words like _early_, _dearly_, &c., were originally _arl[^i]ce_, _deorl[^i]ce_, &c., and as _arl[^i]ce_, _deorl[^i]ce_, &c., were adjectives, the adverbs in _-ly_ are (_strictly speaking_) adverbs, not of derivation, but of deflection. It is highly probable that not only the adverbs of derivation, but that also the absolute adverbs, may eventually be reduced to adverbs of deflection. For _now_, see Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 249. * * * * * {374} CHAPTER XXXIV. ON CERTAIN ADVERBS OF PLACE. s. 435. It is a common practice for languages to express by different modifications of the same root the three following ideas:-- 1. The idea of rest _in_ a place. 2. The idea of motion _towards_ a place. 3. The idea of motion _from_ a place. This habit gives us three correlative adverbs--one of position, and two of direction. s. 436. It is also a common practice of language to depart from the original expression of each particular idea, and to interchange the signs by which they are expressed. s. 437. This may be seen in the following table, illustrative of the forms _here_, _hither_, _hence_, and taken from the Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 199.