In _Welsh_--after all verbs, except those of the infinitive mood; as _caravi gaer_ (for _caer_)=_I love a fort_. In _Irish_--after all verbs, provided that the substantive be masculine; as _ta me ag gearrad crainn_=_I am cutting (at to cut) a tree_. Here _crainn_ comes from _crainn_. This change in Irish extends only to the change from lene to aspirate. In _Welsh_--after the possessive pronouns _thy_, _thine_, _his_, _its_, _mine_ (but not _my_); as _dy v[^a]r_ (for _b[^a]r_)=_thy wrath_; _ei vraint_ (from _braint_)=_his privilege_. _N. B._ Although the same word (_ei_) means _her_, _his_, and _its_, it induces the light change only when it is either masculine or neuter. In _Irish_--after the possessive pronouns _my_, _thy_, and _his_. Here the change is of the first sort only, or an aspiration; as _mo v[`a]s_ (_b[`a]s_)=_my death_; _do cos_ (_cos_)=_thy foot_; _ceann_ (_ceann_)=_his head_. _N. B._ Although the same word (_a_) means _her_, _his_, and _its_, it induces the aspirate only when it is either masculine or neuter. In _Welsh_--the initials of adjectives become light when their substantive is feminine. In _Irish_--the initials of adjectives singular, aspirated in the oblique cases only of the masculine, are aspirated throughout in the feminine. In _Welsh_--after certain adverbs called formative, used like the English words _to_, _as_, &c., in the formation of the degrees of nouns, and the moods of verbs (in other words, {81} after certain particles), initial sounds become light; as _rhy vycan_ (_bycan_)=_very_ (_over_) _little_; _ni carav_ (_carav_)=_I do not love_. In _Irish_--the same, in respect to the change from lene to aspirate; _ro veag_=_very little_; _ni vualim_ (_bualim_)=_I do not beat_; _do vuaileas_=_I struck_, &c. In _Welsh_--initials are light after all prepositions except _in_ and _towards_. In _Irish_--the prepositions either eclipse the noun that they govern or else aspirate it. A Welsh grammarian would say that it made them light. In _Welsh_--initials of feminines become light after the Articles. In _Irish_--masculines are aspirated in the genitive and dative singular; feminines in the nominative and dative. _N.B._ The difference here is less than it appears to be. The masculine dative is changed, not as a masculine, but by the effect of the particle _do_, the sign of the dative; the genitive, perhaps, is changed _ob differentiam_. This being the fact, the nominative is the only case that is changed _as such_. Now this is done with the feminines only. The inflection explains this. _Masc._ _Fem._ _Nom._ an crann=_the tree_. _Nom._ an cos=_the foot_. _Gen._ an crainn. _Gen._ an cos. _Dat._ don crann. _Dat._ don cos. _Acc._ an crainn. _Acc._ an cos.